Table 7.
Mixed-effects logistic regression model used to predict use of lateral reading and correct trustworthiness conclusion on each problem (N = 230)
| Predictor variables | B (SE) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | z | X2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | − 8.62 (1.19) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | − 7.24*** | – |
| Media literacy accuracy at pretest | 1.07 (0.80) | 2.92 (0.61, 14.09) | 1.33 | 1.83 |
| Lateral reading at pretest (No = 0) | 1.22 (0.61) | 3.39 (1.02, 11.24) | 1.99* | 4.07* |
| Instructor (Instructor 1 = 0)a | – | – | – | 10.50* |
| Instructor 2 | 0.68 (0.51) | 1.98 (0.73, 5.37) | 1.33 | – |
| Instructor 3 | 0.22 (0.48) | 1.25 (0.49, 3.18) | 0.47 | – |
| Instructor 4 | 1.41 (0.51) | 4.10 (1.52, 11.08) | 2.78** | – |
| Problem type (sourcing evidence = 0)a | – | – | – | 35.60*** |
| Clickbait science and medical disinformation | 0.79 (0.38) | 2.19 (1.03, 4.65) | 2.05* | – |
| Fake news | 2.00 (0.39) | 7.40 (3.47, 15.77) | 5.19*** | – |
| Photographic evidence | 1.13 (0.38) | 3.09 (1.47, 6.50) | 2.97** | – |
| Condition (Control = 0) | 3.59 (0.84) | 36.08 (7.02, 185.48) | 4.29*** | 25.10*** |
| Number of assignments attempted | 0.59 (0.21) | 1.81 (1.20, 2.72) | 2.85** | 8.54** |
For instructor, post hoc comparisons with Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons indicated that instructor 4’s students were more likely to read laterally and make a correct conclusion than instructor 1’s students (p = .028) and instructor 3’s students (p = .033). For problem type, post hoc comparisons with Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons indicated that students were more likely to read laterally and make a correct conclusion on Fake News than Sourcing Evidence (p < .001), Clickbait Science and Medical Disinformation (p < .001), and Photo Evidence (p = .018). Students were also more likely to read laterally and correctly assess Photo Evidence than Sourcing Evidence (p = .016)
†p < .06, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001
aBaselines set based on the lowest number of problems read laterally and correctly assessed at posttest