TABLE 1.
Viral DMVs with known host organelle MCSs or lipid transport mechanisms.
| Virus | ROf (primary membrane source) | RO:host organelle contactsg | Host MCS/lipid transfer proteinsh | Lipidsi |
| Hepatitis C virusa | DMV (ER) (Romero-Brey et al., 2012) | ER and lipid droplets (Romero-Brey et al., 2012) and endosomes (Stoeck et al., 2018) | PI4KIIIβ/PI4KIIIα (Berger et al., 2009), OSBP (Wang et al., 2014), VAP (Paul et al., 2013), STARD3, PITPNM1/Nir2 and NPC1 (Stoeck et al., 2018), ORP1 and CERT (Stoeck et al., 2018) | PIP (Reiss et al., 2011), Cholesterol (Stoeck et al., 2018), PIP2 (Cho et al., 2015), PA (Mingorance et al., 2018), SL (Sakamoto et al., 2005; Hirata et al., 2012), FA (Khan et al., 2014) |
| Poliovirusb | Single-membrane tubules/DMV (Golgi) (Belov et al., 2012) | ER and lipid droplets (Laufman et al., 2019), mitochondria (Belov et al., 2012) | PI4KIIIβ (Belov et al., 2012; Arita, 2014), OSBP (Arita, 2014) | PIP cholesterol (Ilnytska et al., 2013), PL (Banerjee et al., 2018; Viktorova et al., 2018), FA (Viktorova et al., 2018) |
| Coxsackievirus B3b | Single-membrane tubules/DMV (ER/Golgi) (Limpens et al., 2011) | Lipid droplets (Melia et al., 2019) | PI4KIIIβ, OSBP (Lanke et al., 2009) | Cholesterol (Albulescu et al., 2015) |
| Aichi virusb | Unknown | ER (Ishikawa-Sasaki et al., 2018) | OSBP, PITPNB, VAP, PI4KIIIβ (Ishikawa-Sasaki et al., 2018) | PIP (Ishikawa-Sasaki et al., 2014), Cholesterol (Ishikawa-Sasaki et al., 2018) |
| Rhinovirusb | Multimembrane vesicles (Golgi) (Roulin et al., 2014) | Lipid droplets and ER (Roulin et al., 2014) | PI4KIIIβ (Roulin et al., 2014), OSBP, PITPβ, VAP (Roulin et al., 2014) | PI4P, Cholesterol (Roulin et al., 2014) |
| Encephalomyocarditis virusb | Single membrane tubules/DMV (ER) (Gazina et al., 2002; Melia et al., 2019) | ER | PI4KIIIα, OSBP (Dorobantu et al., 2015) | PIP (Dorobantu et al., 2015), cholesterol (Ilnytska et al., 2013; Albulescu et al., 2015; Dorobantu et al., 2015) |
| Norovirusb | DMV (ER) (Doerflinger et al., 2017) | Lipid droplets and endosomes (Doerflinger et al., 2017) | VAP (McCune et al., 2017) | Unknown |
| SARS CoVc | DMV (ER) (Snijder et al., 2006; Knoops et al., 2008) | Mitochondria (Snijder et al., 2006; Knoops et al., 2008; Snijder et al., 2020) | Unknown | Unknown |
| MERS-CoVc | DMV/CMs (ER?) (de Wilde et al., 2013) | Mitochondria (Snijder et al., 2020) | Unknown | LPL (Muller et al., 2018) |
| Human coronavirus-229Ec | DMV (ER?) (Snijder et al., 2020) | (ER) | Unknown | LPL and ceramide (Muller et al., 2018) |
| SARS-CoV2c | DMV (ER?) (Wolff et al., 2020a) | Peroxisomes and mitochondria (Cortese et al., 2020), LDs, and lysosomes (Figure 1) | Unknown | Unknown |
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virusd | DMV (ER) (Zhang et al., 2018) | Unknown | Unknown | FA (Long et al., 2019), Cholesterol (Jeon and Lee, 2017) |
| Berne viruse | DMV (?) (vila-Perez et al., 2016) | ER and mitochondria (vila-Perez et al., 2016) | Unknown | Unknown |
Viruses from the families: aFlaviviridae, bPicornaviridae, cCoronaviridae, dArteriviridae, and eTobaniviridae. fViral replication organelle structures. gObserved contacts between viral replication organelles and host organelles. hHost factors localizing to membrane contact sites or involved in lipid transfer that appears to be involved in viral replication. iHost lipid species implicated in viral replication. CM, Convoluted membrane; DMV, double-membrane vesicle; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FA, fatty acids; LPL, lysophospholipids; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; PA, phosphatidic acid; PIP, phosphatidylinositol-phosphate; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; PLs, phospholipids; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SL, sphingolipids.