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. 2021 Mar 18;9:630248. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630248

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Copyright © 2021 Hu, Li and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of growth hormone (GH)–GH receptor (GHR)–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis. GH is produced by the pituitary gland, which is under the positive control of the GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and the negative feedback of somatostatin. GH combines with GHR to regulate the production of IGF1, in response to somatic growth, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell division, and cell survival. In this process, several signaling pathways are activated, such as JAK2/STAT5, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT signaling under an anabolic state (such as during periods of feeding), as well as PLC/PKC signaling under a catabolic state (such as during periods of fasting).