TABLE 1.

The multiple effects of growth hormone (GH) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) on mitochondrial biogenesis.

Protein	Impact on mitochondrial biogenesis	Model	Tissue or cell	References
GH	Positive effect	Hypophysectomized rats	Liver, heart	Maddaiah et al., 1973, 1976; Katkocin et al., 1979; Maddaiah and Clejan, 1986
		Bovine GH transgenic mice	Liver	Al-Regaiey et al., 2005
		Rats	Skeletal muscle	Brioche et al., 2014
	Negative effect	Long-living Ames dwarf mice	Liver	Westbrook et al., 2009; Brown-Borg et al., 2012
	No effect	Hypophysectomized rats	Liver	Mutvei et al., 1989
		Bovine GH transgenic mice	Osteocyte	Liu et al., 2019
GHR	Positive effect	GHRKO mice	Liver	Al-Regaiey et al., 2005
		GHRKO mice	Skeletal muscle, kidney	Gesing et al., 2011a, b
		GHRKO pigs	Liver	Riedel et al., 2020
	Negative effect	SLD chickens	Skeletal muscle, DF-1 cell	Hu et al., 2019
	No effect	GHRKO mice	Osteocyte	Liu et al., 2019