Table 2.

Independent and synergistic effects of curcumin and mangosteen extract on oxidative stress- and antioxidant-related markers in lean and HFD-induced obese rats.

Parameters	Groups	Mean ± SD	p-valuea	p-valueb
MDA (µg/ml)	Control lean	108.95 ± 12.54
	Mangosteen lean	100.18 ± 0.98		0.193
	Curcumin lean	94.77 ± 8.12		0.067
	Synergistic lean	93.17 ± 11.36		0.071
	Control obese	94.97 ± 13.70	0.131
	Mangosteen obese	81.21 ± 23.90	0.114	0.296
	Curcumin obese	94.73 ± 24.01	0.997	0.984
	Synergistic obese	101.98 ± 9.61	0.222	0.377
GSH (µg/ml)	Control lean	148.31 ± 36.42
	Mangosteen lean	123.86 ± 15.53		0.205
	Curcumin lean	125.11 ± 16.23		0.230
	Synergistic lean	162.51 ± 47.20		0.609
	Control obese	168.50 ± 20.49	0.312
	Mangosteen obese	288.72 ± 121.37	0.017	0.047
	Curcumin obese	140.94 ± 8.25	0.088	0.024
	Synergistic obese	152.84 ± 36.07	0.726	0.423
GST activity (µ/ml)	Control lean	1.35 ± 0.42
	Mangosteen lean	1.73 ± 0.39		0.115
	Curcumin lean	1.23 ± 0.27		0.599
	Synergistic lean	0.68 ± 0.86		0.249
	Control obese	1.64 ± 1.46	0.600
	Mangosteen obese	2.77 ± 2.33	0.599	0.346
	Curcumin obese	1.37 ± 0.23	0.293	0.465
	Synergistic obese	2.39 ± 0.53	0.016	0.117
Vit. C (µg/ml)	Control lean	0.04 ± 0.01
	Mangosteen lean	0.05 ± 0.03		0.602
	Curcumin lean	0.07 ± 0.09		0.675
	Synergistic lean	0.03 ± 0.01		0.094
	Control obese	0.03 ± 0.00	0.075
	Mangosteen obese	0.02 ± 0.01	0.016	0.115
	Curcumin obese	0.06 ± 0.08	0.141	0.462
	Synergistic obese	0.03 ± 0.01	0.402	0.600

^aSignificant difference between normal weight and obese rats in each group (control, mangosteen, curcumin, and synergistic).

^bSignificant difference between each group and respective normal weight or obese control groups.