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. 2021 Apr 1;8:65. doi: 10.1038/s41438-021-00499-x

Table 1.

List of current genome sequencing progress in ornamental plants

Code Date Species Estimated genome size Chromosome number Assembled genome size Number of scaffolds Scaffold N50 Number of predicted genes Sequencing platform Objects/goals Country of main contributor Reference
1 27-Dec-12 Prunus mume 280 Mb 2n = 16 237 Mb 29,989 577.8 Kb 31,390 Illumina GA II Early blooming, endodormancy, bacterial infection, biosynthesis of flower scent. China 3
2 10-May-13 Nelumbo nucifera 929 Mb 2n = 16 804 Mb 3,605 3.435 Mb 26,685 Illumina HiSeq 2000, Roche 454 Aquatic lifestyle China, USA 21
3 17-Jun-13 Nicotiana sylvestris 2.64 Gb 2n = 24 2.22 Gb 253,984 79.7 Kb 38,940 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Terpenoid metabolism, alkaloid metabolism, and heavy metal transport Switzerland 22
4 27-Aug-13 Tarenaya hassleriana 300 Mb 2n = 20 290 Mb 98 551.9 Kb 28,917 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Floral developmental, self-incompatibility China, Netherlands 23
5 11-Oct-13 Nelumbo nucifera 879 Mb 2n = 16 792 Mb 3,031 986.5 Kb 36,385 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Seed formation, embryonic development, seed dormancy, starch synthesis China 24
6 26-Nov-13 Mimulus guttatus – 2n = 28 321.7 Mb 2,216 1.1 Mb 26,718 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Recombination activity USA 25
7 17-Dec-13 Dianthus caryophyllus 670 Mb 2n = 30 622 Mb 45,088 60.74 Kb 43,266 Illumina HiSeq 1000, GS FLXþ Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic, betalain/chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis, disease resistance, ethylene/carbohydrate metabolism, and cell wall modification during flower opening, floral scent Japan 26
8 28-Jul-14 Amaranthus hypochondriacus 466 Mb 2n = 32 465.2 Mb 4,897 35.09 Kb 24,829 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Lysine biosynthetic pathway India 27
9 24-Nov-14 Phalaenopsis equestris 1.16 Gb 2n = 38 1.09 Gb 523 359.12 Kb 29,431 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Crassulacean acid metabolism, MADS-box genes China, Belgium 13
10 23-Dec-14 Dendrobium officinale 1.27 Gb 2n = 38 1.35 Gb 33,364 76.49 Kb 35,567 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II MADS-box genes, morphology of the flower, polysaccharides, alkaloids China 7
11 24-Jan-15 Primula veris 479.22 Mb 2n = 22 301.8 Mb 9,002 163.95 Kb 19,507 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II Floral morphs Switzerland, Norway 28
12 11-Mar-15 Catharanthus roseus – 2n = 16 523 Mb 79,302 26.25 Kb 33,829 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Monoterpene indole alkaloid pathway UK, USA 29
13 5-May-15 Boea hygrometrica 1.69 Gb – 1.55 Gb 520,969 110.99 Kb 49,374 Illumina HiSeq 2000, Roche 454 Desiccation tolerance China 30
14 26-Sep-15 Lolium perenne 1.99 Gb 2n = 14 1.13 Gb 48,415 70.1 Kb 28,455 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Pollen allergens, self-incompatibility mechanism Denmark 31
15 30-Nov-15 Trifolium pratense 420 Mb 2n = 14 309 Mb 39,904 223 Kb 40,868 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Forage nutrition traits UK 32
16 12-Jan-16 Dendrobium catenatum 1.11 Gb 2n = 38 1.01 Gb 723 391.46 Kb 28,910 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Polysaccharide synthase, MADS-box genes China, Belgium 16
17 5-Feb-16 Rosa roxburghii 480.97 Mb 2n = 14 409.36 Mb 627,554 1.48 Kb 22,721 Illumina HiSeq 2500 Ascorbate metabolism China 33
18 14-Mar-16 Zoysia japonica 340 Mb 2n = 40 334.38 Mb 11,786 2.37 Mb 59,271 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq Comparative genome Japan 34
19 14-Mar-16 Zoysia matrella 423 Mb 2n = 40 563.44 Mb 13,609 108.90 Kb 95,079 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq Comparative genome Japan 34
20 14-Mar-16 Zoysia pacifica 302 Mb 2n = 40 397.01 Mb 11,428 111.45 Kb 65,252 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq Comparative genome Japan 34
21 12-May-16 Phalaenopsis orchid 3.45 Gb 2n = 38 3.1 Gb 149,151 100.94 Kb 41,153 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Labellum organ development, flowering-time genes China, Australia 14
22 27-May-16 Petunia axillaris 1.4 Gb 2n = 14 1.26 Gb 83,639 1.24 Mb 32,928 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II Floral color, pollination USA, Switzerland 35
23 27-May-16 Petunia inflata 1.4 Gb 2n = 14 1.29 Gb 136,283 884.43 Kb 36,697 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II Floral color, pollination USA, Switzerland 35
24 13-Jul-16 Drosera capensis 293 Mb – 264 Mb 13,142 82.65 Kb – Illumina HiSeq 2500 3D structures of cysteine protease USA 36
25 28-Jul-16 Amaranthus hypochondriacus 466 Mb 2n = 32 377 Mb 3,518 371 Kb 23,059 Illumina HiSeq 2500 Systematic evolution USA 37
26 22-Aug-16 Trifolium subterranum 552.4 Mb 2n = 16 471.8 Mb 27,424 287.6 Kb 42,706 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Evolutionary divergence Japan 38
27 8-Nov-16 Ipomoea nil 750 Mb 2n = 30 734.8 Mb 3,416 2.88 Mb 42,783 Illumina HiSeq2500, PacBio RS II Dwarf trait Japan 39
28 21-Nov-16 Ginkgo biloba 10 Gb 2n = 24 10.61 Gb 6,459,773 1.36 Mb 41,840 Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 Multiple defense mechanisms, resistant genes China 40
29 21-Dec-16 Hibiscus syriacus 1.9 Gb 2n = 80 1.75 Gb 77,492 140 Kb 87,603 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Flowering time, disease resistance Korea 41
30 26-Dec-16 Fraxinus excelsior 877.24 Mb 2n = 22 867 Mb 89,514 104 Kb 38,852 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq, Roche 454 Disease resistance UK 42
31 5-May-17 Rhodiola crenulata 420.2 Mb – 344.5 Mb 150,003 144.75 Kb 31,517 Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 Stress resistance, biosynthesis pathways of medicinal ingredients China 43
32 22-May-17 Helianthus annuus 3.6 Gb 2n = 34 2.94 Gb 12,318 524 Kb 52,232 PacBio RS II Flowering time, oil production France, Canada 20
33 24-Jul-17 Camptotheca acuminata 516 Mb 2n = 44 403.2 Mb 1,394 1.75 Mb 31,825 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Camptothecin biosynthesis USA 44
34 26-Aug-17 Rhododendron delavayi 697.94 Mb 2n = 26 695.09 Mb 313 637.83 Kb 32,938 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Biosynthesis pathways of medicinal ingredients China 45
35 13-Sep-17 Apostasia shenzhenica 471 Mb 2n = 68 349 Mb 32 3.029 Mb 21,841 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio Flower development, seeds without endosperm, evolution of epiphytism China, Belgium 17
36 19-Sep-17 Rosa multiflora 711 Mb 2n = 14 740 Mb 83,189 90.8 Kb 67,380 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq Flower color, flower scent, floral development Japan 12
37 7-Nov-17 Carnegiea gigantea 1.3 Gb – 980.3 Mb 57,409 61.5 Kb 28,292 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq Cactus phylogeny USA 46
38 30-Nov-17 Handroanthus impetiginosus 557 Mb 2n = 40 503.7 Mb 13,206 81.3 Kb 31,688 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Biosynthetic pathway of specialized quinoids Brazil 47
39 1-Dec-17 Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi 260 Mb 2n = 34 256 Mb 1,324 2.45 Mb 30,964 MiSeq Crassulacean acid metabolism USA 48
40 29-Dec-17 Eschscholzia californica 502 Mb 2n = 12 489 Mb 53,253 752.97 Kb 41,612 Illumina HiSeq 2500 Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis Japan 49
41 25-Mar-18 Nelumbo nucifera – 2n = 16 847.16 Mb 14,630 1.48 Mb 30,378 BioNano Chromosome fusions China 50
42 7-Apr-18 Phalaenopsis aphrodite 1.2 Gb 2n = 38 1.03 Gb 13,732 0.95 Mb 28,902 Illumina HiSeq 2000/2500 Flower development China 15
43 30-Apr-18 Rosa chinensis 560 Mb 2n = 14 515 Mb 82 24 Mb 36,377 PacBio RS II, Hi-C Recurrent blooming, flower scent, and flower color France 4
44 10-May-18 Bombax ceiba 809 Mb – 895 Mb 125 2.06 Mb 52,705 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II Evolutionary history China 51
45 11-Jun-18 Rosa chinensis 532.7 Mb 2n = 14 512 Mb 564 3.4 Mb 39,669 Illumina HiSeq 2500, PacBio RS-II Rickle density, flower petals France 5
46 19-Jun-18 Salvia splendens 711 Mb 2n = 44 808 Mb 73 3.12 Mb 54,008 PacBio RS II Flower color, bioactive secondary metabolites China 52
47 13-Jul-18 Casuarina glauca 314 Mb 2n = 18 283 MB 84 912.67 Kb 26,282 Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 Nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis Germany 53
48 13-Jul-18 Cercis canadensis 301 Mb – 330 Mb 193 421.03 Kb 34,023 Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 Nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis Germany 53
49 13-Jul-18 Mimosa pudica 896 Mb – 557 Mb 1,302 119.68 Kb 33,108 Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 Nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis Germany 53
50 13-Jul-18 Begonia fuchsioides 935 Mb – 374 Mb 569 154.27 Kb 51,638 Illumina HiSeq 2000/4000 Nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis Germany 53
51 4-Sep-18 Prunus yedoensis 257 Mb 2n = 16 323.8 Mb 519 199 Kb 41,294 HiSeq X Ten, PacBio RS II S-locus genes Korea 10
52 29-Sep-18 Lavandula angustifolia 870 Mb 2n = 50 688 Mb 84,291 96.7 Kb 62,141 Illumina HiSeq 2000 Pathways of isoprenoid metabolism Canada 54
53 17-Oct-18 Chrysanthemum nankingense 3.07 Gb 2n = 18 2.53 Gb 24,051 130.7 Kb 56,870 HiSeq2000, PacBio RS II Flower trait, flavonoid biosynthesis China 18
54 14-Nov-18 Casuarina equisetifolia 300 Mb – 301 Mb 366 1.06 Mb 29,827 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II Secondary growth and DNA modification China 55
55 20-Nov-18 Osmanthus fragrans 733.5 Mb 2n = 46 740.6 Mb 145 1.59 Mb 45,542 HiSeq X ten, Hi-C Flower scent China 56
56 17-Dec-18 Liriodendron chinense 1.8 Gb 2n = 38 1.74 Gb 3,711 3.53 Mb 35,269 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II, Bionano Systematic evolution of angiosperms China 57
57 18-Dec-18 Primula vulgaris 474 Mb 2n = 22 411.1 Mb 67,491 294.8 Kb 24,599 Illumina HiSeq 2500 Flower development UK 58
58 2-Jan-19 Chrysanthemum seticuspe 3.06 Gb 2n = 18 2.72 Gb 354,212 44.7 Kb 71,057 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq Flowering time Japan 19
59 28-Jan-19 Antirrhinum majus 520 Mb 2n = 16 510 Mb 62 2.62 Mb 37,714 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II Flower asymmetry, self-incompatibility China 59
60 14-Jun-19 Sedum album 305 Mb 2n = 48 302 Mb 6,038 93 Kb 44,487 PacBio RS II Crassulacean acid metabolism USA 60
61 23-Jul-19 Cerasus yedoensis – 2n = 16 350.1 Mb 2,292 1.15 Mb 48,280 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq, HiSeq X Dormancy- and flowering-associated genes Japan 11
62 23-Jul-19 Cerasus yedoensis – 2n = 16 339.97 Mb 2,279 800 Kb 46,796 Illumina HiSeq 2000, MiSeq, HiSeq X Dormancy- and flowering-associated genes Japan 11
63 18-Nov-19 Rhododendron williamsianum – 2n = 26 532 Mb 11,985 218.8 Kb 23,559 Illumina HiSeq 2000, Hic Evolutionary history USA 61
64 3-Dec-19 Tanacetum cinerariifolium 7.1 Gb 2n = 18 7.08 Gb 2,016,451 13.8 Kb 60,080 HiSeq X, HiSeq 4000 Pyrethrin Japan 62
65 6-Dec-19 Paeonia suffruticosa 13.66–15.76 Gb 2n = 10 13.79 Gb 499,810 49.94 Kb 35,687 BGISEQ-500, PacBio RS II MADS-box genes China 63
66 18-Dec-19 Nymphaea colorata 433 Mb 2n = 28 409 Mb 1,429 2.1 Mb 31,580 PacBio RS II, Hi-C Flowering transition, flower development, floral scents, flower colors China 64
67 1-Apr-20 Asparagus setaceus 720 Mb 2n = 20 710.15 Mb 1,393 2.19 Mb 28,410 HiSeq X ten, Hi-C Resistance R genes China 65
68 14-May-20 Dionaea muscipula 3.19 Gb – 1.5 Gb 104,847 35 Kb 21,135 PacBio RS II Carnivory genes Japan, Germany 66
69 10-Jun-20 Chimonanthus salicifolius 835.5 Mb 2n = 22 820.1 Mb 1,531 2.3 Mb 36,651 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II, Hi-C Flower development, flavonoid biosynthesis China 67
70 18-Jun-20 Gardenia jasminoides 547.5 Mb 2n = 22 535 Mb 58,859 44 Mb 35,967 Illumina HiSeq 2000, Oxford Nanopore, Hi-C Crocin and caffeine biosynthesis genes China 8
71 1-Aug-20 Forsythia suspensa 701.40 Mb 2n = 28 737.47 Mb 1,214 7.33 Mb 33,062 Illumina HiSeq 2500, Oxford Nanopore Candidate genes associated with solar radiation, temperature, and water variables China 68
72 10-Aug-20 Chimonanthus praecox 778.71 Mb 2n = 22 695.36 Mb 1,623 65.35 Mb 23,591 Illumina HiSeq 2000, PacBio RS II, HiSeq X, Hi-C Floral transition, floral organ specification, early blooming, strong cold resistance, terpene/benzenoid/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis China 9
73 1-Oct-20 Cerasus serrulata 256.65 Mb 2n = 16 265.40 Mb 304 31.12 Mb 29,094 Illumina X-ten, Nanopore, Hic-C MADS-box, MYB, WRKY, and plant disease-resistance genes China 69
74 19-Oct-20 Rhododendron simsii 525 Mb 2n = 26 528.6 Mb 552 36.35 Mb 34,170 PacBio RS II, Hi-C Metabolic pathways for anthocyanins and carotenoids China 70