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. 2021 Mar 31;11:7301. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86665-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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VU permethrin toxicological response in the presence of excess miR-33 isoforms and VR vs VU strain genetic association data. (a) MiR-33 pre-miRNA over-expression affects permethrin toxicological response (knockdown) in VU. G-pre-miR-33 or C-pre-miR-33 were over-expressed in VU (Vergel-unselected) adult mosquitoes, or depleted with inhibitor, followed by standard bottle assays using a discriminating permethrin dose (1.5 µg per bottle) (ANOVA **p = 0.0042). (b) Mortality of individuals from treatment in (a) at 3 days post permethrin exposure (Fisher’s Exact test, G-***p = 0.0002 and C-***p = 1.0 × 10^–5). (c) Genetic association analysis of target-capture gDNA deep sequencing shows genes arranged according to physical location along chromosomes. VGSC, − log₁₀ (χ² p value) 25.43 indicated in red, CYPs with scores higher than VGSC are highlighted in blue and enlarged for emphasis (Supplementary Table S3). (d) Two hundred ninety two genes with − log₁₀ (χ² p value) higher than VGSC were categorized according to predicted functional groups. Functional categories are indicated clockwise from top. Immunity 1.3%, Chemosensory 1.3%, Signaling 2.4%, Cytoskeletal/Structural 3.4%, Proteolysis/Proteosomal 7.9%, Redox/Mitochondrial 6.9%, Metabolism/Lipid 7.9%, Transport 8.9%, Repair/DNA Replication/Transcription/Translation (RRTT) 9.3%, Uncharacterized 19.5%, Diverse 31.1% (Prism GraphPad version 8.0., https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/).