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. 2021 Mar 31;11:194. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01309-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A Pathway analyses for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at a P value < 0.01 in hippocampal tissue punches from rats fed early life sugar compared with controls. Upregulation by sugar is shown in red and downregulation by sugar in blue. B A heatmap depicting DEGs that survived the Benjamini–Hochberg corrected FDR of P < 0.05 in rats fed early life sugar compared with controls. Warmer colors (red) signify an increase in gene expression and cool colors (blue) a reduction in gene expression by treatment (CTL control, SUG early life sugar; n = 7/group). C A heatmap depicting DEGs that survived the Benjamini–Hochberg corrected FDR of P < 0.05 in rats with early life Parabacteroides enrichment compared with combined control groups. Warmer colors (red) signify an increase in gene expression and cool colors (blue) a reduction in gene expression by treatment (n = 7, 14). D Pathway analyses for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at a P value < 0.01 in rats enriched with Parabacteroides compared with combined controls. Upregulation by Parabacteroides transfer is shown in red and downregulation in blue. The dotted line indicates ±0.25 log2 fold change.