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. 2021 Mar 18;15:569424. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.569424

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Copyright © 2021 Su, Fan, Zhang and Qi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TMAO promotes reactive astrocyte proliferation and glial scarring through the Smurf2/ALK5 axis. (A) Smurf2 and ALK5 expression determined by western blotting in brain tissues of MCAO/R rats. (B) Neurological scoring of rats after different treatments. (C) The number of collected chow pellets by rats in each group detected by staircase test. (D) Asymmetric function detected by cylinder test. (E) Expression of GFAP, Neurocan and Phosphacan detected by immunofluorescence assay in brain tissues of rats after different treatments. (F) Protein expression of GFAP, Neurocan and Phosphacan determined using Western blotting in brain tissues of rats after different treatments. *p < 0.05 compared with MCAO/R + TMAO + sh-NC group (n = 15). NS p > 0.05 compared with MCAO/R + TMAO group (n = 15). One-way ANOVA is employed for data comparison among multiple groups followed by Tukey's post hoc test.