Figure 2.

Shamanic practitioners enter an altered state of consciousness during shamanic drumming. (A) Shamanic Practitioners (SP, purple, n = 18) were significantly different from control participants (CC, green, n = 19) during drumming in 8 of the 11 OAV domains. Each point represents the mean of all SP or CC for the percent of the theoretical scale maximum for that domain. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. (B) SP did not differ from CC during classical music listening on any of the domains. (C) We replotted the OAV mean and standard error for healthy controls taking psilocybin (green, n = 327), ketamine (blue, n = 162), or MDMA (orange, n = 102) from Studerus et al. (2010) and compared these scores to those acquired from SP. Overall, SP had increased scores in several domains compared to all three drug conditions, as well as similar scores in the remaining domains compared to various drug conditions.