Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Demographics | Total (n = 67,280) | NRS score < 3 (n = 62,702) | NRS score ≥ 3 (n = 4578) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (Q1-Q3) | 51 (37–65) | 50 (37–64) | 68 (43–78) | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 28,684 (42.6) | 26,499 (42.3) | 2185 (47.7) | < 0.001 |
| Drinking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Never drinker | 57,117 (84.9) | 53,246 (84.9) | 3871 (84.5) | |
| Current drinker | 7802 (11.6) | 7346 (11.7) | 456 (10.0) | |
| Former drinker | 2119 (3.1) | 1890 (3.0) | 229 (5.0) | |
| Missing | 242(0.4) | 220 (0.4) | 22 (0.5) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| never smoker | 55,266 (82.1) | 51,584 (82.3) | 3682 (80.4) | |
| Current smoker | 8634 (12.9) | 8092 (12.9) | 542 (11.8) | |
| Former smoker | 3230 (4.8) | 2886 (4.6) | 344 (7.6) | |
| Missing | 150(0.2) | 140 (0.2) | 10 (0.2) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| COPD | 803 (1.2) | 651 (1.0) | 152 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
| Swallow disability | 126 (0.2) | 63 (0.1) | 63 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 7237 (10.8) | 6072 (9.7) | 1165 (25.4) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9612 (14.3) | 8805 (14.0) | 807 (17.6) | < 0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 2236 (3.3) | 2128 (3.4) | 108 (2.4) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate or severe renal disease | 2944 (4.4) | 2733 (4.4) | 211 (4.6) | 0.424 |
| Liver disease | 11,993 (17.8) | 11,560 (18.4) | 433 (9.5) | < 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 328 (0.5) | 284 (0.5) | 44 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Solid tumour | 4962 (7.4) | 4272 (6.8) | 690 (15.1) | < 0.001 |
| CCI (points), median (Q1- Q3) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 4 (1–5) | < 0.001 |
| Time of risk (days), median (Q1- Q3) | 7 (4–10) | 7 (4–10) | 10 (6–16) | < 0.001 |
| Admission category, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Internal medicine | 27,769 (41.3) | 25,487 (40.6) | 2282 (49.8) | |
| Surgery | 19,556 (29.1) | 18,110 (28.9) | 1446 (31.6) | |
| Gynaecology | 15,548 (23.1) | 15,084 (24.1) | 464 (10.1) | |
| Emergency department | 3172 (4.7) | 2902 (4.6) | 270 (5.9) | |
| ICU | 203 (0.3) | 137 (0.2) | 66 (1.4) | |
| Others | 1032 (1.5) | 982 (1.6) | 50 (1.1) | |
| Clinical procedure, n (%) | ||||
| Central venous catheter | 1762 (2.6) | 1294 (2.1) | 468 (10.2) | < 0.001 |
| Indwelling urinary catheter | 13,823 (20.5) | 12,972 (20.7) | 851 (18.6) | < 0.001 |
| Surgery | 20,979 (31.2) | 20,161 (32.2) | 818 (17.9) | < 0.001 |
| Parenteral nutrition | 1479 (2.2) | 1077 (1.7) | 402 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Enteral tube feeding | 5698 (8.5) | 4849 (7.7) | 849 (18.5) | < 0.001 |
| Barthel Index, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Independent | 43,273 (64.3) | 41,706 (66.5) | 1567 (34.2) | |
| Slight dependency | 6057 (9.0) | 5601 (8.9) | 456 (10.0) | |
| Moderate dependency | 10,085 (15.0) | 9109 (14.5) | 976 (21.3) | |
| Severe dependency | 6495 (9.7) | 5461 (8.7) | 1034 (22.6) | |
| Total dependency | 1370 (2.0) | 825 (1.3) | 545 (11.9) | |
| Morse Fall Scale, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| No Risk | 41,008 (61.0) | 39,220 (62.5) | 1788 (39.1) | |
| Low Risk | 21,697 (32.2) | 19,805 (31.6) | 1892 (41.3) | |
| High Risk | 4575 (6.8) | 3677 (5.9) | 898 (19.6) | |
| Other nosocomial infections, n (%) | 1137 (1.7) | 983 (1.6) | 154 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
| Season of admission, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Spring | 16,431 (24.4) | 15,356 (24.5) | 1075 (23.5) | |
| Summer | 18,652 (27.7) | 17,451 (27.8) | 1201 (26.2) | |
| Fall | 14,497 (21.5) | 13,390 (21.4) | 1107 (24.2) | |
| Winter | 17,700 (26.3) | 16,505 (26.3) | 1195 (26.1) | |
| In-hospital medications, n (%) | ||||
| Antacids | 37,406 (55.6) | 34,396 (54.9) | 3010 (65.7) | < 0.001 |
| Sedatives | 6615 (9.8) | 5889 (9.4) | 726 (15.9) | < 0.001 |
| NSAID | 6503 (9.7) | 5879 (9.4) | 624 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Systemic steroid | 13,231 (19.7) | 12,445 (19.8) | 786 (17.2) | < 0.001 |
| Inhaled steroid | 4281 (6.4) | 3760 (6.0) | 521 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 8972 (13.3) | 8229 (13.1) | 743 (16.2) | < 0.001 |
| NV-HAP | 353(0.5) | 232(0.4) | 121(2.6) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: NRS Nutritional risk screening, Q1 First quartile, Q3 Third quartile, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, ICU Intensive care unit, NSAID Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NV-HAP Nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia