Table 3.

Studies describing male genital tract involvement

Study [Ref.]	Prior andrological conditions, (n)	Signs or symptoms, (n)	Ultrasound data, (n)	Laboratory data	Management
Holtmann et al. 17	0	‐	‐	Sperm concentration, mean (SD): 95.9 (50.5) 106/ml*	n/a
				Total no. progressive motility (SD) (×106): 125.3 (96.4)*
				Total no. complete motility (SD) (×106): 157.1 (120.8)*
				Total no. immotile (SD) (×106): 86.6 (66.5)*
Holtmann et al. 17	0	Scrotal discomfort (1)	‐	Sperm concentration, mean (SD): 16.2 (22.4) 106/ml**	n/a
				Progressive motility (×106): 2.4 (2.7)**
				Total no. complete motility (SD) (×106): 4.7 (5.5)**
				Total no. immotile (SD) (×106):7.2 (9.4)**
Pan et al. 18	0	Scrotal discomfort (6)	‐	n/a	n/a
Guo et al. 19	n/a	n/a	n/a	Semen volume (ml): 2.3 (1.35–3.0)	n/a
				Sperm concentration: 95 (56–155.5) 106/ml
				Motility (PR, %): 50 (37.5)
				Motility (PR + NP, %): 65(57.5–76)
				Normal forms (%):16 (12–22)
Chen et al. 20	n/a	Scrotal swelling/pain (3)	Acute orchitis (3)	n/a	n/a
			Acute epididymitis (3)
			Epididymo‐orchitis (5)
Chen et al. 20	n/a	Scrotal swelling/pain (10)	Acute orchitis (7)	n/a	n/a
			Acute epididymitis (4)
			Epididymo‐orchitis (10)
Bridwell et al. 14	n/a	Scrotal erythema (1)	Bilateral nonspecific increased blood flow (1)	Urinalysis: unremarkable	Acetaminophen + cefepime + azithromycin
		Scrotal discomfort (1)
Gagliardi et al. 15	n/a	Scrotal pain and swelling (1)	Epididymo‐orchitis (1)	Urinalysis: unremarkable	Broad‐spectrum antibiotics
				Urine culture: sterile
Lamamri et al. 16	n/a	Low flow priapism (1)	n/a	n/a	Cavernosal blood aspiration + intracavernosal injection of ethylephrine + thromboprophylaxis
Lam et al. 31	Paraphimosis (1)	Low flow priapism (1)	n/a	n/a	Conservative management
La Marca et al. 24	n/a	Scrotal pain (1)	Epididymo‐orchitis (1)	n/a	Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid + azithromycin
Kim et al. 25	n/a	Scrotal pain (1)	n/a	n/a	Cefpodoxime + azithromycin
Alkhatatbeh et al. 32	0	0	0	n/a	n/a

^* P < .05: mild vs. moderate.

^** P < .05: moderate vs. control.