TABLE A1.
The global mortality costs of COVID‐19 as of January 1, 2021
| Country | Number of deaths | VSL ($ millions) | VSL x deaths ($ millions) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1,829,126 | – | 10,116,632 |
| United States | 355,631 | 11 | 3,911,941 |
| United Kingdom | 74,125 | 7.8188 | 579,569 |
| Brazil | 195,152 | 2.8776 | 561,569 |
| Italy | 74,621 | 7.0796 | 528,287 |
| France | 64,632 | 7.9684 | 515,014 |
| Mexico | 125,807 | 3.223 | 405,476 |
| Spain | 50,837 | 6.6682 | 338,991 |
| Germany | 34,388 | 9.3841 | 322,700 |
| Russia | 57,555 | 4.5441 | 261,536 |
| Iran | 55,337 | 3.487 | 192,960 |
| India | 149,205 | 1.1528 | 172,004 |
| Belgium | 19,528 | 8.7285 | 170,450 |
| Argentina | 43,245 | 3.8258 | 165,447 |
| Poland | 28,956 | 4.9566 | 143,523 |
| Canada | 15,606 | 8.3919 | 130,964 |
| Colombia | 43,213 | 2.5905 | 111,943 |
| Netherlands | 11,529 | 9.4457 | 108,899 |
| Switzerland | 7662 | 12.254 | 93,890 |
| Peru | 37,680 | 2.3056 | 86,875 |
| Sweden | 8727 | 9.3104 | 81,252 |
| Turkey | 21,093 | 3.7741 | 79,607 |
| Chile | 16,660 | 4.3516 | 72,498 |
| South Africa | 28,887 | 2.4607 | 71,082 |
| Czech Republic | 11,711 | 6.0313 | 70,633 |
| Romania | 15,841 | 4.1316 | 65,449 |
| Saudi Arabia | 6230 | 10.4841 | 65,316 |
| Austria | 6261 | 9.3984 | 58,843 |
| Hungary | 9667 | 4.8257 | 46,650 |
| Indonesia | 22,329 | 2.046 | 45,685 |
| Portugal | 6972 | 5.555 | 38,729 |
| Iraq | 12,824 | 2.9326 | 37,608 |
| Ecuador | 14,051 | 2.1549 | 30,278 |
| Ukraine | 18,680 | 1.4993 | 28,007 |
| Japan | 3460 | 8.0883 | 27,986 |
| Bulgaria | 7576 | 3.4177 | 25,892 |
| Greece | 4881 | 5.0721 | 24,757 |
| Ireland | 2248 | 10.4401 | 23,469 |
| Israel | 3356 | 6.8893 | 23,120 |
| Croatia | 3961 | 4.2779 | 16,945 |
| Slovenia | 2728 | 5.9609 | 16,261 |
| Philippines | 9248 | 1.7094 | 15,809 |
| Panama | 4022 | 3.9116 | 15,732 |
| Egypt | 7631 | 2.0471 | 15,621 |
| Kuwait | 936 | 16.1271 | 15,095 |
| China | 4634 | 2.7511 | 12,749 |
| Slovakia | 2250 | 5.6276 | 12,662 |
| Denmark | 1322 | 9.4138 | 12,445 |
| Bolivia | 9165 | 1.2826 | 11,755 |
| Oman | 1499 | 7.3887 | 11,076 |
| Morocco | 7425 | 1.4696 | 10,912 |
| Pakistan | 10,176 | 1.0175 | 10,354 |
| Kazakhstan | 2262 | 4.4891 | 10,154 |
| Tunisia | 4730 | 2.1219 | 10,037 |
| United Arab Emirates | 671 | 13.3859 | 8982 |
| Azerbaijan | 2670 | 3.2824 | 8764 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4086 | 2.0834 | 8513 |
| Lithuania | 1589 | 5.2701 | 8374 |
| Serbia | 3250 | 2.5652 | 8337 |
| Jordan | 3851 | 2.057 | 7922 |
| Australia | 909 | 8.6636 | 7875 |
| Algeria | 2756 | 2.7357 | 7540 |
| Guatemala | 4820 | 1.4399 | 6940 |
| Luxembourg | 501 | 13.7797 | 6904 |
| Macedonia | 2510 | 2.6246 | 6588 |
| Qatar | 245 | 26.4737 | 6486 |
| Dominican Republic | 2416 | 2.6004 | 6283 |
| Costa Rica | 2185 | 2.8501 | 6227 |
| Korea, Rep. | 917 | 6.655 | 6103 |
| Norway | 436 | 12.5081 | 5454 |
| Bangladesh | 7576 | 0.6809 | 5158 |
| Armenia | 2828 | 1.6764 | 4741 |
| Belarus | 1433 | 3.2351 | 4636 |
| Finland | 561 | 8.1444 | 4569 |
| Georgia | 2528 | 1.7853 | 4513 |
| Lebanon | 1479 | 2.629 | 3888 |
| Paraguay | 2262 | 1.6599 | 3755 |
| Venezuela | 1028 | 3.2285 | 3319 |
| Moldova | 3004 | 1.0318 | 3100 |
| Latvia | 644 | 4.7487 | 3058 |
| Honduras | 3141 | 0.9086 | 2854 |
| Bahrain | 352 | 7.3909 | 2602 |
| Albania | 1181 | 2.1626 | 2554 |
| Myanmar | 2697 | 0.9427 | 2542 |
| Malaysia | 474 | 5.0072 | 2373 |
| Montenegro | 682 | 3.1471 | 2146 |
| El Salvador | 1336 | 1.5752 | 2104 |
| Hong Kong | 148 | 11.0616 | 1637 |
| Nigeria | 1289 | 1.111 | 1432 |
| Malta | 219 | 6.3415 | 1389 |
| West Bank and Gaza | 1418 | 0.9691 | 1374 |
| Estonia | 234 | 5.4274 | 1270 |
| Sudan | 1468 | 0.7623 | 1119 |
| Kenya | 1681 | 0.5874 | 987 |
| Nepal | 1864 | 0.4774 | 890 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1356 | 0.6325 | 858 |
| Afghanistan | 2211 | 0.3707 | 820 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 127 | 6.1523 | 781 |
| Uzbekistan | 614 | 1.1858 | 728 |
| Cyprus | 119 | 6.0522 | 720 |
| Bahamas | 170 | 4.1998 | 714 |
| Uruguay | 181 | 3.8995 | 706 |
| Cuba | 146 | 4.3637 | 637 |
| Ethiopia | 1937 | 0.3102 | 601 |
| Jamaica | 303 | 1.6599 | 503 |
| Angola | 405 | 1.2364 | 501 |
| Sri Lanka | 208 | 2.1989 | 457 |
| Singapore | 29 | 15.554 | 451 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 86 | 5.1997 | 447 |
| Namibia | 208 | 1.9844 | 413 |
| Suriname | 122 | 3.1757 | 387 |
| Belize | 248 | 1.5334 | 380 |
| Yemen | 610 | 0.5203 | 317 |
| Zambia | 390 | 0.6963 | 272 |
| Cameroon | 448 | 0.5874 | 263 |
| Iceland | 29 | 9.0156 | 261 |
| Ghana | 335 | 0.7799 | 261 |
| Mauritania | 349 | 0.726 | 253 |
| Guyana | 164 | 1.441 | 236 |
| Gabon | 64 | 3.6091 | 231 |
| Thailand | 63 | 2.9667 | 187 |
| Senegal | 410 | 0.4554 | 187 |
| New Zealand | 25 | 6.9113 | 173 |
| Nicaragua | 165 | 0.9669 | 160 |
| Cabo Verde | 113 | 1.2078 | 136 |
| Congo, Rep. | 108 | 1.2078 | 130 |
| Bermuda | 10 | 12.5664 | 126 |
| Botswana | 42 | 2.9656 | 125 |
| Zimbabwe | 369 | 0.3267 | 121 |
| Maldives | 48 | 2.1945 | 105 |
| Mali | 269 | 0.3762 | 101 |
| Uganda | 265 | 0.3476 | 92 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 138 | 0.6237 | 86 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | 591 | 0.1375 | 81 |
| Haiti | 236 | 0.3366 | 79 |
| Madagascar | 261 | 0.2695 | 70 |
| Tajikistan | 90 | 0.6611 | 59 |
| Brunei | 3 | 15.7025 | 47 |
| Chad | 104 | 0.4037 | 42 |
| Malawi | 191 | 0.2178 | 42 |
| Vietnam | 35 | 1.0934 | 38 |
| Mauritius | 10 | 3.8115 | 38 |
| Mozambique | 167 | 0.2233 | 37 |
| Gambia | 124 | 0.2959 | 37 |
| Lesotho | 51 | 0.6292 | 32 |
| Rwanda | 94 | 0.3289 | 31 |
| Burkina Faso | 85 | 0.3168 | 27 |
| Sierra Leone | 76 | 0.2981 | 23 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 5 | 4.2592 | 21 |
| Barbados | 7 | 2.9843 | 21 |
| South Sudan | 63 | 0.3113 | 20 |
| Niger | 104 | 0.1815 | 19 |
| Guinea | 81 | 0.2145 | 17 |
| Togo | 68 | 0.2541 | 17 |
| Benin | 44 | 0.3916 | 17 |
| Guinea‐Bissau | 45 | 0.2772 | 12 |
| Liberia | 83 | 0.1375 | 11 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 17 | 0.6215 | 11 |
| Tanzania | 21 | 0.5027 | 11 |
| St. Lucia | 5 | 2.0603 | 10 |
| Central African Republic | 63 | 0.1188 | 7 |
| Papua New Guinea | 9 | 0.5852 | 5 |
| Fiji | 2 | 1.6918 | 3 |
| Comoros | 10 | 0.2849 | 3 |
| Mongolia | 1 | 2.145 | 2 |
| Eritrea | 3 | 0.3619 | 1 |
| Burundi | 2 | 0.1397 | 0 |
| Bhutan | – | 1.4586 | – |
| Cambodia | – | 0.6314 | – |
| Dominica | – | 2.0075 | – |
| Grenada | – | 2.5025 | – |
| Laos | – | 1.0318 | – |
| Macao | – | 19.591 | – |
| Seychelles | – | 4.9071 | – |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | – | 4.6585 | – |
| St. Vincent Grenadines | – | 2.1197 | – |
| Timor‐Leste | – | 0.8701 | – |
| Marshall Islands | – | 1.0384 | – |
| Samoa | – | 1.0978 | – |
| Solomon Islands | – | 0.4191 | – |
| Vanuatu | – | 0.5984 | – |
| Kiribati | – | 0.8085 | – |
| Kosovo | – | 1.8865 | – |
| Micronesia | – | 0.7876 | – |
| Palau | – | 2.816 | – |
| Swaziland | – | 1.5796 | – |
| Tonga | – | 1.0681 | – |
| Turkmenistan | – | 3.0129 | – |
| Tuvalu | – | 1.2793 | – |
Note: VSL figures are based on Viscusi (2019), updated for inflation. Mortality figures are from Worldometer, January 1, 2021: https://web.archive.org/web/20210101203833/https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/.