Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population stratified by presence or absence of obstructive sleep apnea.
| Parameter | Total population | PE without OSA | PE with OSA | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of cases (weighted) | 755,532 | 694,482 | 61,050 | |
| Age, years | 65 (52–77) | 65 (52–77) | 61 (51–71) | <0.0001 |
| Females | 398,058 (52.7) | 372,950 (53.7) | 25,108 (41.1) | <0.0005 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 485, 194 (73.8) | 443,207 (73.5) | 41,971 (77.2) | <0.001 |
| African American | 107,897 (16.4) | 99,417 (16.5) | 8480 (15.6) | |
| Hispanic | 38,850 (5.9) | 36,414 (6) | 2436 (4.5) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 7412 (1.1) | 7105 (1.2) | 307 (0.6) | |
| Native American | 2925 (0.5) | 2692 (0.5) | 233 (0.4) | |
| Other | 14,984 (2.3) | 14,055 (2.3) | 929 (1.7) | |
| Primary expected payer | ||||
| Medicare | 396,195 (52.5) | 366,139 (52.8) | 30,056 (49.3) | <0.0005 |
| Medicaid | 75,092 (10.0) | 69,247 (10) | 5845 (9.6) | |
| Private insurance | 224,584 (29.8) | 203,352 (29.3) | 21,232 (34.8) | |
| Self-pay | 32,077 (4.2) | 30,287 (4.4) | 1790 (3) | |
| No charge | 3496 (0.5) | 3301 (0.5) | 195 (0.3) | |
| Other | 22,637 (3.0) | 20,789 (3) | 1832 (3) | |
| Median household income | ||||
| 0 to 25th percentile | 220,511 (29.2) | 188,361 (27.7) | 15,832 (26.4) | <0.0005 |
| 26th to 50th percentile | 189,685 (25.1) | 173,966 (25.6) | 15,715 (26.2) | |
| 51st to 75th percentile | 182,085 (24.1) | 166,435 (24.5) | 15,646 (26.1) | |
| 76th to 100th percentile | 163,251 (21.6) | 150,518 (22.2) | 12,729 (21.2) | |
| Clinical history | ||||
| Atrial fibrillations/flutter | 105,727 (14.0) | 95,996 (13.8) | 9731 (15.9) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol use | 24,837 (3.3) | 23,390 (3.4) | 1447 (2.4) | <0.0005 |
| Catheter-directed thrombolysis | 1709 (0.2) | 1508 (0.2) | 201 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 12,242 (1.6) | 11,478 (1.7) | 764 (1.3) | 0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 186,436 (24.7) | 163,944 (23.6) | 22,492 (36.8) | <0.0001 |
| Coagulopathy | 56,541 (7.5) | 52,365 (7.5) | 4176 (6.8) | 0.004 |
| Coronary artery disease | 156,448 (20.7) | 140,603 (20.3) | 15,845 (26.0) | <0.0001 |
| Deficiency anemia | 154,719 (20.5) | 143,335 (20.6) | 11,384 (18.7) | <0.0005 |
| Depression | 84,196 (11.1) | 74,135 (10.7) | 10,061 (16.5) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 212,157 (28.1) | 186,727 (26.9) | 25,430 (41.7) | <0.0001 |
| Heart failure | 106,897 (14.2) | 94,311 (13.6) | 12,586 (20.6) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 404,329 (53.5) | 361,589 (52.1) | 42,740 (70.0) | <0.0001 |
| Liver failure | 19,049 (2.5) | 17,254 (2.5) | 1795 (2.9) | 0.001 |
| Lymphoma | 11,149 (1.5) | 10,452 (1.5) | 697 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 65,512 (8.7) | 63,262 (9.1) | 2250 (3.7) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity | 120,971 (16.0) | 88,059 (12.7) | 32,912 (53.9) | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 76,053 (10.1) | 68,667 (9.9) | 7386 (12.1) | <0.0001 |
| Renal failure | 78,876 (10.4) | 70,381 (10.1) | 8495 (13.9) | <0.0005 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 26,289 (3.5) | 23,896 (3.4) | 2393 (3.9) | 0.001 |
| Smoking | 176,290 (23.3) | 160,402 (23.1) | 15,888 (26.0) | <0.0001 |
| Solid tumors | 49,624 (6.6) | 46,950 (6.8) | 2674 (4.4) | <0.0001 |
| Substance abuse | 35,739 (4.7) | 33,187 (4.8) | 2552 (4.2) | 0.001 |
| Systemic thrombolysis | 8008 (1.1) | 7194 (1.0) | 814 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
| Thyroid disorders | 85,194 (11.3) | 76,583 (11.0) | 8611 (14.1) | <0.0001 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 157,591 (20.9) | 134,845 (19.4) | 22,746 (37.3) | <0.0001 |
| Valvular disease | 44,400 (5.9) | 40,686 (5.9) | 3714 (6.1) | 0.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Inpatient mortality | 51952 (6.9) | 49,462 (7.1) | 2490 (4.1) | <0.0001 |
| Length of stay | 5 (3–9) | 5 (3–9) | 5 (3–8) | 0.05 |
| Total charge for hospitalization (×$1000) | 31.8 (17.3–64.0) | 31.5 (17.1–63.9) | 34.2 (19.5–65.0) | <0.0001 |
PE: pulmonary embolism; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea. Values are represented as mean ± SEM or median (IQR) for continuous variables and as n (%) for categorical variables. Continuous variables compared using Student t test or Mann–Whitney U test based on normality of variable. Categorical variable comparison by Pearson’s chi-squared test. Statistical significance considered at p < 0.001.