TABLE 1.
List of the potent extracts bioactive compounds that inhibit Coronavirus
| Natural product(s) evaluated | Test system | Test dose | Proposed mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lycoris radiate | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 mg/ml | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Artemisia annua | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 mg/ml | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Pyrrosia lingua | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 mg/ml | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Lindera aggregata | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 mg/ml | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Isatis indigotica | SARS‐CoV | 1–500 μg/ml | 3CL protease inhibition | Li et al., 2005a |
| Extract (Rheum officinale Baill., Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.) | SARS‐CoV spike (S) Protein | 0–100 μg/ml | Inhibits the interaction of SARS‐CoV S protein and ACE2 | Ho, Wu, Chen, Li, & Hsiang, 2007 |
| Houttuynia cordata Aq. Extract | SARS‐CoV | 0–400 μg/ml | 3CL protease and viral polymerase inhibition | Lau et al., 2008 |
| Herbal extracts (Gentiana scabra, Dioscorea batatas, Cassia tora, Taxillus chinensis, Cibotium barometz) | SARS‐CoV | 25–200 μg/ml | 3CL protease inhibition | Wen et al., 2011 |
| Anthemis hyalina, Nigella sativa, and Citrus sinensis Extracts | SARS‐CoV | 1/50 and 1/100 dilution of ethanolic (100 g/200 ml) |
Increased IL‐8 level. Significantly changed the expression of TRPA1, TRPC4, TRPM6, TRPM7, TRPM8, and TRPV4genes |
Ulasli et al., 2014 |
| Natural product(s) evaluated | Test system | Dose/concentration | Proposed mechanism(s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lycoris radiate | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 mg/ml | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Artemisia annua | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 mg/ml | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Pyrrosia lingua | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 mg/ml | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Lindera aggregate | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 mg/ml | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Isatis indigotica | SARS‐CoV | 1–500 μg/ml | 3CL protease inhibition |
Li et al., 2005a |
| Extract (Rheum officinale Baill., Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.) | SARS‐CoV spike (S) protein | 0–100 μg/ml | Inhibits the interaction of SARS‐CoV S protein and ACE2. | Ho et al., 2007 |
| Houttuynia cordata Aq. Extract | SARS‐CoV | 0–400 μg/ml | 3CL protease and viral polymeraseinhibition | Lau et al., 2008 |
| Herbal extracts (Gentiana scabra, Dioscorea batatas,Cassia tora, Taxillus chinensis, Cibotium barometz) | SARS‐CoV | 25–200 μg/ml | 3CL protease inhibition | Wen et al., 2011 |
|
Anthemis hyalina, Nigella sativa, and Citrus sinensis Extracts |
SARS‐CoV | 1/50 and 1/100 dilution of ethanolic (100 g/200 ml) |
Increased IL‐8 level. Significantly changed The expression of TRPA1, TRPC4, TRPM6, TRPM7, TRPM8, and TRPV4genes |
Ulasli et al., 2014 |
| Aloe emodin, Beta‐sitosterol, Hesperetin, Indigo and Sinigrin (Isatis indigotica) | SARS‐CoV | 1–100 μg/ml | 3CL protease inhibition | Lin et al., 2005 |
| Amentoflavone (Torreya nucifera) | SARS‐CoV | 1–1,000 μM | 3CL protease inhibition | Ryu et al., 2010 |
| Apigenin (Torreya nucifera) | SARS‐CoV | 1–1,000 μM | 3CL protease inhibition | Ryu et al., 2010 |
| Bavachinin (Psoralea corylifolia) | SARS‐CoV | 1–150 μM | Inhibitors of papain‐like protease (PLpro) | Kim et al., 2014a |
| Rosmariquinone and Tanshinone I (Salvia miltiorrhiza) | SARS‐CoV | 1–1,000 μM | Inhibition of SARS‐CoV viral infection and replication | Park et al., 2012 |
| Cinanserin (1 dpi) and Cinanserin (2 dpi) (Houttuynia cordata) | Murine CoV | 15.63–500 μg/ml | Undefined. | Chiow et al., 2016 |
| Cinnamtannin B, Procyanidin A2 and B1(Cinnamomi cortex) | SARS‐CoV | 0–500 μM | Inhibition of pseudovirus infection | Zhuang et al., 2009 |
| Corylifol and Psoralidi (Psoralea corylifolia) | SARS‐CoV | 1–150 μM | Inhibitors of papain‐like protease (PLpro) | Kim et al., 2014a |
| Dieckol, 7‐Phloroeckol, Phlorofucofuroeckoln and Eckol (Ecklonia cava) | Porcine epidemic diarrhea CoV | 1–200 μM | Inhibition of viral replication/Blockage of the binding of virus to ce | Kwon et al., 2013 |
| Diplacone, Tomentin A, B, C, D, E (Paulownia tomentosa) | SARS‐CoV | 0–100 μM | Inhibition of papain‐like protease | Cho et al., 2013 |
| Broussochalcone A and B, 4‐Hydroxyisolonchocarpin, Papyriflavonol A, Kazinol A, B, F, J and 3‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl)‐3,4,7‐trihydroxyflavan (Broussonetia papyrifera) | 3‐chymotrypsin‐like and papain‐like coronavirus cysteine proteases | 0–200 μM | Protease inhibition | Park et al., 2017 |
| Isobavachalcone (Psoralea corylifolia) | SARS‐CoV | 1–150 μM | Inhibitors of papain‐like protease (PLpro) | Kim et al., 2014 |
| 3‐Isotheaflavin‐3‐gallate and tannic acid (black tea) | SARS‐CoV | 4–20 μM | Inhibition of 3C‐like protease (3CLPro) | Chen et al., 2005 |
| Luteolin and Quercetin (Torreya nucifera) | SARS‐CoV | 1–1,000 μM | 3CL protease inhibition | Ryu et al., 2010 |
| Lycorine (Lycoris radiata) | SARS‐CoV | 10−1–10−4 | Undefined | Li et al., 2005a |
| Quercetin and Rutin (Houttuynia cordata) | Murine CoV | 500–15.63 μg/ml | Undefined | Chiow et al., 2016 |
| Glycoside juglanin (Quercus ilex) | SARS‐CoV | 10–40 μM | Blocks the 3a channel | Schwarz et al., 2014 |
| 4′‐O‐methylbavachalcone and Neobavaisoflavone (Psoralea corylifolia) | SARS‐CoV | 1–150 μM | Inhibitors of papain‐like protease (PLpro) |
Kim et al., 2014a |
|
Mimulone, 3′‐O‐methyldiplacol, 4′‐O‐methyldiplacol, 3′‐O‐methyldiplacone, 4′‐O‐methyldiplacone (Paulownia Tomentosa) |
SARS‐CoV | 0–100 μM | Inhibition of papain‐like protease | Cho et al., 2013 |
|
7‐Methoxycryptopleurine and Tylophorine (Tylophora indica) |
CoV‐infected swine testicular cells | ‐ | Inhibition of viral replication | Yang et al., 2010 |
| Saikosaponins A, B2, C, D | HCoV‐22E9 | 5–25 μM/L |
Saikosaponin B2 inhibits viral attachment and penetration stages |
Cheng et al., 2006 |
| Tylophorin | CoV | 0–100 μM |
Targeting viral RNA replication and Cellular JAK2 mediated dominant NF‐κB activation |
Yang et al., 2017 |
| Scutellarein | SARS‐CoV | 0.01–10 μM | 3CL protease inhibition | Yu et al., 2012 |
| Savinin | SARS‐CoV | 8–80 μM | Inhibition of 3CL protease | Wen et al., 2007 |
| Silvestrol | HCoV‐229E | 0.6–2 μM | Inhibition of cap‐dependent viral mRNA translation | Muller et al., 2018 |
| Tetrandrine | HCoV‐OC43 | 2–20 μM | Undefined | Kim et al., 2019 |
| Phenazopyridine | HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐NL63, MERS‐CoV, and MHV‐A59 | 0–5 μM | Undefined | Shen et al., 2019 |
| Mycophenolatemofeti | HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐NL63, MERS‐CoV, and MHV‐A59 | 0–5 μM | Immune suppression | Shen et al., 2019 |
| Lycorine | HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐NL63, MERS‐CoV, and MHV‐A59 | 0–5 μM | Inhibited cell division | Shen et al., 2019 |
| Emetine | HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐NL63, MERS‐CoV, and MHV‐A59 | 0–5 μM | Inhibited RNA, DNA and protein synthesis | Shen et al., 2019 |
| Berbamine | HCoV‐NL63 | 0–20 μM | Undefined | Shen et al., 2019 |
| Fangchinoline | HCoV‐OC43‐infected MRC‐5 human lung cells | 2–20 μM | Undefined | Kim et al., 2019 |