TABLE 1.
Summary statistics
| All counties | Above‐median votes/polling location | Below‐median votes/polling location | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | T‐test | |
| Election variables | |||||||
| In‐person votes (k) per polling location | 0.171 | 0.095 | 0.240 | 0.089 | 0.102 | 0.024 | .000 |
| In‐person votes (10 k) | 0.591 | 0.632 | 0.918 | 0.756 | 0.263 | 0.119 | .000 |
| Absentee votes (10 k) | 1.581 | 2.986 | 2.803 | 3.847 | 0.359 | 0.255 | .000 |
| Polling locations open | 30.708 | 16.920 | 36.083 | 20.828 | 25.333 | 9.052 | .000 |
| COVID‐19 testing variables | |||||||
| Weekly positive COVID‐19 test rate | 0.041 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.069 | 0.026 | 0.047 | .000 |
| Cumulative COVID‐19 cases per 100 | 0.050 | 0.084 | 0.068 | 0.110 | 0.031 | 0.038 | .000 |
| Weekly new COVID‐19 cases per 100 | 0.013 | 0.025 | 0.018 | 0.032 | 0.008 | 0.013 | .000 |
| COVID‐19 case log growth rate | 0.673 | 1.667 | 0.532 | 1.223 | 0.814 | 2.009 | .057 |
| Demographic variables | |||||||
| % population with less than a H.S. degree | 8.400 | 2.532 | 7.497 | 1.812 | 9.303 | 2.814 | .000 |
| % population with at least a B.A. degree | 23.065 | 7.526 | 26.578 | 8.170 | 19.553 | 4.688 | .000 |
| Unemployment rate (2018) | 3.307 | 0.738 | 3.131 | 0.645 | 3.483 | 0.783 | .000 |
| Median household income ($k) | 58.009 | 9.129 | 61.087 | 8.977 | 54.930 | 8.210 | .000 |
| Percent of population age 65 or older | 20.161 | 4.339 | 18.489 | 3.991 | 21.832 | 4.025 | .000 |
| SafeGraph social distancing variables | |||||||
| Average time in dwelling | 727.827 | 117.732 | 765.657 | 115.795 | 689.996 | 107.212 | .000 |
| % leaving home | 63.390 | 3.524 | 62.166 | 3.474 | 64.614 | 3.132 | .000 |
| Average distance traveled | 10,007.035 | 3442.082 | 8896.539 | 3206.551 | 11,117.531 | 3314.342 | .000 |
| County‐week observations | 504 | 252 | 252 | ||||
| Counties | 72 | 36 | 36 | ||||
Notes: Data from the Wisconsin Department of Health Services, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services, the US Census, The American Community Survey, and SafeGraph. The t‐test column reports p‐values from a test of the difference in means between the above and below‐median votes per polling location counties.