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. 2021 Mar 17;12:634185. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634185

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Copyright © 2021 Li, Bai, Liu, Zhang, Liu, Zhang, Xu, Yang and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The Ts-ML-ES destroys the barrier integrity of Caco-2 cell monolayers. (A) Ts-ML-ES decreases trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) across the Caco-2 monolayers. (B) Ts-ML-ES increases paracellular permeability of FITC-dextran in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The apical-to-basolateral flux of FITC-dextran across Caco-2 monolayers cultured in the Transwell system was monitored for 1 h after the addition of dextran in the absence (control) and presence of Ts-ML-ES or TNF-α. Data represent the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posttest.