Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population According to Sex.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n = 1109) | Men (n = 3635) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 67.6 (10.7) | 65.9 (10.9) | <.001 |
| Age, y | |||
| ≤65 | 419 (37.8) | 1611 (44.3) | <.001 |
| 66-75 | 408 (36.8) | 1303 (35.8) | |
| >75 | 282 (25.4) | 721 (19.8) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Asian | 213 (19.2) | 903 (24.8) | <.001 |
| Black | 78 (7.0) | 148 (4.1) | |
| White | 794 (71.6) | 2539 (69.8) | |
| Other | 24 (2.2) | 45 (1.2) | |
| Geographic region | |||
| Asia/Pacific | 208 (18.8) | 888 (24.4) | <.001 |
| Europe | 502 (45.3) | 1652 (45.4) | |
| North America | 139 (12.5) | 538 (14.8) | |
| South America | 260 (23.4) | 557 (15.3) | |
| Physiologic measures | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 123.3 (17.2) | 121.3 (16.0) | <.001 |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), bpm | 72.5 (11.7) | 71.2 (11.7) | .001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.7 (6.8) | 28.0 (5.7) | <.001 |
| BMI | |||
| <18.5 | 25 (2.3) | 62 (1.7) | <.001 |
| 18.5-24.9 | 309 (27.9) | 952 (26.2) | |
| 25.0-29.9 | 346 (31.2) | 1376 (37.9) | |
| 30.0-34.9 | 227 (20.5) | 786 (21.6) | |
| 35.0-39.9 | 120 (10.8) | 321 (8.8) | |
| ≥40 | 82 (7.4) | 136 (3.7) | |
| Creatinine, mean (SD), mg/dL | 1.02 (0.29) | 1.23 (0.35) | <.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), % | 6.5 (1.5) | 6.5 (1.3) | .56 |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2a | 62.6 (19.2) | 66.7 (19.4) | <.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2a | |||
| <60 | 534 (48.2) | 1392 (38.3) | <.001 |
| ≥60 | 575 (51.8) | 2241 (61.7) | |
| Anemiab | 290 (26.4) | 1012 (28.1) | <.001 |
| NT-proBNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | |||
| Atrial fibrillation on ECG | 1943 (1258-2998) | 1952 (1269-3243) | .76 |
| No atrial fibrillation on ECG | 1417 (822-2698) | 1254 (756-2330) | <.001 |
| Main cause of HF | |||
| Ischemic | 538 (48.5) | 2136 (58.8) | <.001 |
| Nonischemic | 467 (42.1) | 1220 (33.6) | |
| Unknown | 104 (9.4) | 279 (7.7) | |
| LVEF, mean (SD) | 31.8 (6.8) | 30.8 (6.8) | <.001 |
| LVEF | |||
| ≤30 | 445 (40.1) | 1716 (47.2) | <.001 |
| >30 | 664 (59.9) | 1919 (52.8) | |
| NYHA class | |||
| II | 711 (64.1) | 2492 (68.6) | .02 |
| III | 389 (35.1) | 1109 (30.5) | |
| IV | 9 (0.8) | 34 (0.9) | |
| KCCQ-TSS, mean (SD) | 68.4 (23.1) | 75.1 (21.1) | <.001 |
| KCCQ-OSS, mean (SD) | 63.2 (21.6) | 69.7 (20.2) | <.001 |
| KCCQ-CSS, mean (SD) | 65.3 (21.8) | 72.8 (20.2) | <.001 |
| Medical history | |||
| Hypertension | 845 (76.2) | 2678 (73.7) | .09 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 477 (43.0) | 1662 (45.7) | .21 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 379 (34.2) | 1439 (39.6) | .001 |
| Atrial fibrillation on ECG | 239 (21.6) | 889 (24.5) | .047 |
| Hospitalization for HF | 518 (46.7) | 1733 (47.7) | .57 |
| COPD | 107 (9.6) | 478 (13.1) | .002 |
| Previous MI | 396 (35.7) | 1696 (46.7) | <.001 |
| Previous PCI | 306 (27.6) | 1318 (36.3) | <.001 |
| Previous CABG | 123 (11.1) | 676 (18.6) | <.001 |
| Treatment | |||
| ACE-I/ARB | 954 (86.0) | 2998 (82.5) | .006 |
| Target daily dosec | |||
| <50% | 573 (60.1) | 1862 (62.1) | .26 |
| ≥50% | 381 (39.9) | 1136 (37.9) | |
| ARNI | 96 (8.7) | 412 (11.3) | .01 |
| β-Blocker | 1060 (95.6) | 3498 (96.2) | .33 |
| Target daily dosed | |||
| <50%a | 473 (44.6) | 1736 (49.6) | .004 |
| ≥50% | 587 (55.4) | 1762 (50.4) | |
| MRA | 787 (71.0) | 2583 (71.1) | .95 |
| Target daily dosee | |||
| <50% | 81 (10.3) | 336 (13.0) | .04 |
| ≥50% | 706 (89.7) | 2247 (87.0) | |
| Diureticf | 943 (85.0) | 3065 (84.3) | .57 |
| Ivabradine | 47 (4.2) | 181 (5.0) | .31 |
| Digoxin | 203 (18.3) | 684 (18.8) | .70 |
| Oral anticoagulant | |||
| History of atrial fibrillation | 298 (78.6) | 1231 (85.5) | .001 |
| No history of atrial fibrillation | 94 (12.9) | 346 (15.8) | .06 |
| Antiplatelet | 567 (51.1) | 2025 (55.7) | .007 |
| Statin | 704 (63.5) | 2472 (68.0) | .005 |
| CRT-P/CRT-D | 72 (6.5) | 282 (7.8) | .16 |
| ICD/CRT-D | |||
| Ischemic etiology | 98 (18.2) | 651 (30.5) | <.001 |
| Nonischemic etiology | 109 (19.1) | 384 (25.6) | .002 |
Abbreviations: ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy–defibrillator; CRT-P, cardiac resynchronization therapy–pacemaker; CSS, clinical summary score; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; MI, myocardial infarction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OSS, overall summary score; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TSS, total symptom score.
SI conversion factor: To convert creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4; hemoglobin to grams per liter, multiply by 10; hemoglobin A1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; NT-proBNP to nanograms per liter, multiply by 1.
Calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration.
Defined as hemoglobin level <13 g/dL for men or <12 g/dL for women.
Target daily dose for ACE-I/ARB: captopril, 150 mg; enalapril, 40 mg; fosinopril, 40 mg; lisinopril, 35 mg; perindopril, 16 mg; quinapril, 40 mg; ramipril, 10 mg; trandolapril, 4 mg; candesartan, 32 mg; losartan, 150 mg; valsartan, 320 mg; irbesartan, 300 mg; patients taking other ACE-I/ARB were classified as taking less than 50% target dose.
Target daily dose for β-blockers: carvedilol, 50 mg; bisoprolol, 10 mg; metoprolol, succinate, 200 mg; metoprolol tartrate, 200 mg; nebivolol, 10 mg; patients taking other β-blockers were classified as taking less than 50% target dose.
Target daily dose for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: eplerenone or spironolactone 50 mg.
Not including mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.