TABLE 2.

Studies testing the effects of MSC derivatives on inflammation

Disease models	Origin of MSCs	MSC derivatives	Inflammatory mediators	References
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)	BM‐MSCs	EVs	Increased expression of interleukin (IL)‐10	119
Acute lung injury (ALI)	BM‐MSCs	EVs	Increased IL‐10 secretion, decreased pro‐inflammatory cytokine‐TNF‐α	120
ARDS and ALI	BM‐MSCs	Conditioned medium, EVs	Decreased secretion of TNF‐α and IL‐8	121
ALI	BM‐MSCs	EVs	Decreased TNF‐α and increased IL‐10	122
Lung ischemia	BM‐MSCs	Exosomes	Downregulated IL‐8, IL‐1 β, IL‐17, TNF‐α, and IL‐6	123
ALI	BM‐MSCs	Exosomes overexpressing miR 30b‐3p	Decreased expression of serum amyloid A3 (SAA3)	124
ARDS	BM‐MSCs	Culture medium	Increased expression of interleukin (IL)‐10 and IL‐1 receptor antagonist	103
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)	Engineered A‐MSCs overexpressing soluble IL‐1 receptor‐like‐1	Culture medium	Increased IL‐10 expression, prevented IL‐33, TLR‐4, IL‐1β, and IFN‐γ induction, decreased pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2)	65
Cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis	WJ‐MSCs	Culture medium	Decreased expression of nuclear factor κB and of cytokines; increased expression of eNOS, vascular endothelial growth factor	66
Severe COVID‐19 pneumonia)	MSCs	Clinical grade MSCs	Decreased TNF‐α and increased IL‐10	54
ALI	Modified MSCs with ACE2	Culture medium	Downregulated ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, TNF‐α, and IL‐6	102
ALI	Modified UC‐MSCs with ACE2	Culture medium	Decreased expression of MDA, GSSG, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, TGF‐β, IL‐1, IL‐2, IL‐6, collagen type 1 mRNA, MMPs and TIMPs as well as hydroxyproline concentration, and upregulation of SOD, GSH and ACE2 and IL‐10.	103

Abbreviations: A‐MSCs, adipose MSC; BM‐MSC, bone marrow MSC; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; EVs, extracellular vesicles; MSC, mesenchymal stromal cells; UC‐MSC, umbilical cord MSC; WJ‐MSC, Wartons jelly MSC.