TABLE 3.
Cytokines and cytokine receptors elevated in the plasma/serum of COVID‐19 patients
| Immune modulator | N (number of patients) | References |
|---|---|---|
| Pro‐inflammatory cytokines | ||
| IL‐6 | 452, 25, 21 | 111, 125, 126 |
| IL‐1β | 41 | 4 |
| TNF‐α | 452 | 125 |
| VEGF | 41 | 4 |
| Inflammatory cytokines | ||
| IL‐2 | 25 a | 124 |
| IL‐4 | 31 b | 124 |
| IL‐10 | 452, 41, 25 b | 111, 125, 126 |
| IL‐7 | 41 | 4 |
| IL‐9 | 41 | 4 |
| Chemokines | ||
| MCP‐1/CCL2 | 41 | 4 |
| IL‐8 | 452, 41 | 4, 126 |
| MIP‐1a | 41 | 4 |
| MIP‐1b | 41 | 4 |
| Inflammatory cytokine receptors | ||
| Il‐1Ra | 41 | 4 |
| IL‐2R | 452 | 8 |
a
Severe.
b
Mild/moderate.