TABLE 5.
Factors associated with perceived stress (PSS) among pregnant and breastfeeding women
| Pregnant women | Breastfeeding women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted a | Crude | Adjusted b | |||||
| B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | |
| Country | ||||||||
| Norway | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Ireland | 2.72 | 2.10‐3.35 | 3.04 | 2.38‐3.69 | 3.87 | 3.30‐4.43 | 4.17 | 3.58‐4.76 |
| Switzerland | 0.56 | −0.13 to 1.24 | 0.99 | 0.29‐1.70 | 1.80 | 1.27‐2.32 | 1.87 | 1.32‐2.42 |
| The Netherlands | −1.23 | −1.77 to −0.69 | −0.93 | −1.48 to −0.38 | −0.72 | −1.21 to −0.23 | −0.48 | −0.99 to 0.02 |
| United Kingdom | 5.84 | 4.59‐7.08 | 5.53 | 4.23‐6.83 | 6.82 | 5.32‐8.32 | 6.40 | 4.88‐7.92 |
| Maternal age (y) | ||||||||
| 18‐25 | 2.08 | 1.23‐2.94 | 1.63 | 0.77‐2.50 | 0.87 | −0.18 to 1.92 | 0.74 | −0.30‐1.77 |
| 26‐30 | 0.18 | −0.35‐0.72 | 0.54 | 0.03‐1.06 | −0.19 | −0.68 to 0.31 | 0.31 | −0.17 to 0.79 |
| 31‐35 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 36‐40 | 0.37 | −0.29 to 1.04 | −0.20 | −0.83 to 0.44 | 0.77 | 0.24‐1.30 | 0.17 | −0.35 to 0.68 |
| >40 | −0.35 | −2.00 to 1.29 | −1.93 | −3.52 to −0.33 | 0.98 | −0.08 to 2.04 | −0.14 | −1.16 to 0.88 |
| Professional status | ||||||||
| Active, but not in health care | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Active in health care | −0.92 | −1.42 to −0.42 | −0.83 | −1.31 to −0.35 | −0.54 | −0.99 to −0.08 | −0.40 | −0.83 to 0.04 |
| Not professionally active | 2.00 | 1.21‐2.80 | 0.53 | −0.27 to 1.33 | 1.70 | 1.05‐2.35 | 1.22 | 0.58‐1.85 |
| Smoking in pregnancy/breastfeeding | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.70 | 1.28‐4.11 | 1.59 | 0.20‐2.98 | 1.73 | 0.63‐2.84 | 0.89 | −0.19 to 1.97 |
| Chronic somatic illness | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.15 | 0.57‐1.73 | 0.68 | 0.11‐1.26 | 1.34 | 0.79‐1.89 | 1.17 | 0.62‐1.71 |
| Chronic mental illness | ||||||||
| Yes | 7.90 | 6.36‐9.43 | 6.37 | 4.79‐7.95 | 7.99 | 6.09‐9.88 | 7.00 | 5.10‐8.89 |
| Planned pregnancy | ||||||||
| No | 3.20 | 2.32‐4.08 | 2.31 | 1.40‐3.21 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| No, but it was not unexpected | 1.65 | 1.00‐2.30 | 1.05 | 0.40‐1.71 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Breastfeeding at the time of survey completion | ||||||||
| No | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.19 | 0.47‐1.91 | 0.81 | 0.10‐1.52 |
The bold numbers indicate the 95% CI of the unstandardized regression coefficients of the adjusted analyses that do not include the null.
Abbreviations: B, unstandardized regression coefficient; CI, confidence interval; N/A, not available.
a
Adjusted for country, maternal age, professional status, smoking in pregnancy, chronic somatic and mental illness, and planned pregnancy.
b
Adjusted for country, maternal age, professional status, smoking in breastfeeding, chronic somatic and mental illness, and breastfeeding at the time of survey completion.