Figure 3.

Trauma-induced elevation in circulating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and globular actin (G-actin) concentration. (a) Comparison of LDH activity in serum samples obtained from healthy controls (HCs) and patients that had sustained an isolated traumatic brain injury (TBI) (left panel), TBI with an accompanying extracranial injury (TBI⁺) (middle panel) or an extracranial injury (ECI) only (right panel). Patient samples were acquired at 3 post-injury time points (≤1 hour (H), 4–12 hours and 48–72 hours) and the number of samples analysed is indicated below each time point. LDH activity is presented as milliunits/ml. ^***p < 0.005 vs HCs. (b) Comparison of LDH activity in serum samples from TBI, TBI⁺ and ECI patients at 3 post-injury time points. Number of samples analysed match those reported in (a). ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^**p < 0.001 vs Isolated TBI. (c) Comparison of the concentration of G-actin in pre-hospital blood samples acquired from TBI, TBI⁺ and ECI patients within 1 hour of injury and HCs. The number of samples analysed are indicated below each time point. ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.005 vs HCs. H hour