Table 1.
Overall scores, differences and correlates across age, education, gender, marital situation, and sampling group
| Gender | Marital situation | Sampling group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical scales | α | Overall (n = 1661) | Score range | Age | Education | Men (n = 407) | Women (n = 1252) | Alone (n = 850) | With partner (n = 809) | GP (n = 986) | HCWs (n = 673) |
| PTSD | .93 | 23.4 (15.7) | 0–80 | −.17 ** | −.01 | 21.5 (15.9) | 24.0 (15.6) * | 24.8 (16.5) *** | 21.2 (14.1) | 23.4 (15.7) | – |
| STS | .91 | 40.3 (13.5) | 17–85 | −.02 | −.12 ** | 36.3 (13.2) | 41.7 (13.4) *** | 39.9 (13.6) | 40.6 (13.5) | ‐ | 40.3 (13.5) |
| Intrusion | .79 | 12.2 (4.5) | 5–25 | .02 | −.18 ** | 10.7 (4.2) | 12.8 (4.5) *** | 12.1 (4.5) | 12.3 (4.6) | ‐ | 12.2 (4.5) |
| Avoidance | .78 | 16.0 (5.5) | 7–35 | −.01 | −.07 | 14.8 (5.6) | 16.5 (5.5) *** | 15.8 (5.5) | 16.2 (5.6) | ‐ | 16.0 (5.5) |
| Arousal | .82 | 12.1 (4.7) | 5–25 | −.06 | −.10 * | 10.9 (4.6) | 12.4 (4.7) *** | 12.0 (4.9) | 12.1 (4.7) | ‐ | 12.1 (4.7) |
| PTG | .96 | 46.8 (25.3) | 0–105 | −.02 | −.03 | 40.7 (24.1) | 48.7 (25.3) *** | 46.2 (25.3) | 47.3 (25.2) | 46.8 (25.7) | 46.7 (24.6) |
| Relating to Others | .90 | 14.8 (9.2) | 0–35 | .03 | .00 | 12.5 (8.6) | 15.5 (9.3) *** | 14.8 (9.1) | 14.8 (9.3) | 15.1 (9.3) | 14.3 (9.1) |
| New Possibilities | .85 | 10.5 (6.4) | 0–25 | −.06 * | .03 | 9.3 (6.2) | 10.9 (6.5) *** | 10.6 (6.6) | 10.4 (6.2) | 10.7 (6.6) | 10.3 (6.2) |
| Personal Strength | .86 | 9.9 (5.6) | 0–20 | .01 | −.10 ** | 8.8 (5.6) | 10.2 (5.6) *** | 9.7 (5.7) | 10.0 (5.5) | 9.5 (5.8) | 10.3 (5.4) ** |
| Spiritual Change | .71 | 3.5 (3.0) | 0–10 | .04 | −.09 ** | 2.9 (2.8) | 3.6 (3.0) *** | 3.2 (2.9) | 3.7 (3.0) *** | 3.4 (3.0) | 3.5 (3.0) |
| Appreciation of Life | .83 | 8.1 (4.2) | 0–15 | .02 | −.02 | 7.1 (4.2) | 8.5 (4.1) *** | 7.9 (4.3) | 8.4 (4.1) * | 8.1 (4.2) | 8.2 (4.2) |
| BRS | .79 | 21.0 (4.4) | 6–30 | .23 ** | −.01 | 21.5 (4.2) *** | 20.8 (4.4) | 20.0 (4.4) | 21.5 (4.3) *** | 20.5 (4.5) | 21.6 (4.1) *** |
| COPE (Total) | .84 | 66.1 (11.1) | 28–112 | −.07 ** | .04 | 63.0 (12.2) | 67.1 (10.5) *** | 66.4 (11.0) | 65.7 (11.1) | 66.4 (11.0) | 65.6 (11.1) |
| Emotion‐focused | .71 | 25.9 (4.9) | 10–40 | .03 | −.02 | 24.8 (5.1) | 26.3 (4.8) *** | 25.7 (4.8) | 26.2 (4.9) * | 25.8 (5.0) | 26.1 (4.8) |
| Problem‐focused | .78 | 16.7 (3.8) | 6–24 | −.00 | .03 | 16.0 (4.1) | 16.9 (3.7) *** | 16.6 (3.8) | 16.9 (3.8) | 16.6 (3.8) | 16.9 (3.8) |
| Dysfunctional | .73 | 23.1 (5.4) | 12–48 | −.18 ** | .14 ** | 21.9 (5.7) | 23.4 (5.2) *** | 23.8 (5.5) *** | 22.2 (5.2) | 23.9 (5.5) *** | 21.8 (5.0) |
Note: Alone = unmarried, separated, divorced, widow/widower; BRS = Brief Resilience Scale; COPE (total) = coping orientation to problems experienced (total score); HCWs = healthcare workers; PTG = posttraumatic growth; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder (PCL5 scale); STS = secondary traumatic stress; with partner = cohabiting with any arrangement (cohabitation, cohabitation agreement, marriage); GP = general population.
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001.
Emotion‐focused coping strategies included acceptance, use of emotional support, humour, positive reframing, and religion; Problem‐focused coping strategies included active coping, use of instrumental support, planning; Dysfunctional coping strategies included behavioural disengagement, denial, self‐distraction, self‐blame, substance use, and venting).