. 2021 Feb 2;111(1):269–281. doi: 10.1002/JLB.4COVA1020-703R

TABLE 2.

The laboratory findings of patients (categorized by severity of illness and survival states)

			Nonsevere vs. severe	Survival vs. death
Lymphocyte subsets Lymphocytes (T cells + B cells + natural killer [NK] cells)/μl T cells (CD3+)/μl B cells (CD3−CD19+)/μl NK cells (CD3−CD16+CD56+)/μl	1000–2500 700–1900 100–400 100–400	758 (480.5–1288.5) 521 (305.5–859.5) 92(38–175.5) 136 (66–216.5)	1199 (704–1623) 789 (465–1153) 150 (67–249) 171 (133–292)	513.5 (271–701) 354 (178–489.50) 40 (26.75–92.25) 76 (49.75–139.50)	˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 ˂0.001	983.5 (610.75–1372.5) 726 (391.75–968.75) 112.5 (56–181.5) 157.5 (96.5–250.5)	401 (243–642) 277 (146–463) 39 (27–92) 58 (39–123)	˂0.001 ˂0.001 0.006 0.003
T cells subsets CD4+ T cells/μl CD8+ T cells/μl CD4+/CD8+ DP T cells (CD4+CD8+)/μl CD4+CD45RA+ T cells/CD4+ T cells % RTEs (CD3+CD4+CD45RA+CD31+)/CD4+ T cells % CD4+CD45RO+ T cells/CD4+ T cells% Naïve CD8+ T cells (CD8+CD45RA+CCR7+)/CD8+ T cells % TEMRA CD8+ T cells (CD8+CD45RA+CCR7−)/CD8+ T cells % CM CD8+ T cells (CD8+ CD45RA−CCR7+)/T CD8+ T cells % EM CD8+ T cells (CD8+CD45RA−CCR7−)/CD8+ T cells % Activated CD4+ T cells (CD4+HLADR+CD38+)/CD4+ T cells % ^a Activated CD8+ T cells (CD8+HLADR+CD38+)/CD8+ T cells % ^a CD4+ IFNγ+ (Th1)/CD4+ T cells % ^b CD4+ IL‐4+ (Th2)/CD4+ T cells % ^b CD4+ IL‐17A+ (Th17)/CD4+ T cells % ^b	400–1300 200–700 1.5–2.9 2–88 29.4–55.4 6.4–41.7 44.4–68.9 28.6–64.3 14.4–48.8 6.1–14.3 6.4–16.7 1.2–2.3 2.5–6.7 / / /	288 (149–440) 208 (119–328) 1.4 (0.965–1.995) 8 (3.5–18.5) 27 (19.5–42.75) 15 (8.5–22.5) 73 (57.25–80.5) 11.3 (5.17–25.17) 46.29 (31.83–60.24) 4.19 (2.965–5.26) 32.56 (19.99–40.45) 3 (1.9–4.85) 6.8 (3.295–14.6) 16.34 (11.48–20.80) 2.53 (1.24–3.97) 1.56 (0.67–3.8)	395 (264–661) 295 (197–432) 1.46 (0.91–2.05) 8 (4–19) 27 (19–37.50) 15 (10.50–25.50) 73 (62.50–81) 17.21 (7.21–33.83) 46.29 (30.50–58.05) 4.07 (3.14–5.32) 29.85 (22.38–36.69) 2.65 (1.36–5.43) 6.34 (2.79–10.03) 17.25 (12.76–24.29) 2.45 (1.24–4.66) 0.98 (0.53–3.02)	160 (82.50–250.50) 126.5 (58.25–203.50) 1.35 (1.16–1.94) 6 (2–14) 27.25 (19.62–48.50) 12 (7.25–21.75) 72.75 (51.50–80.38) 7.31 (3.46–15.43) 47.27 (34.80–62.44) 4.415 (2.78–5.20) 34.62 (16.90–52.45) 3 (2.50–4.40) 9 (4–20) 14.17 (9.58–19.19) 2.53 (1.2–3.79) 1.65 (1.36–5.12)	˂0.001 ˂0.001 0.974 0.275 0.380 0.476 0.380 0.014 0.344 0.898 0.293 0.239 0.234 0.112 0.739 0.105	299 (192.25–513) 273 (162.5–374.75) 1.3 (0.85–1.83) 8.5 (4.75–19) 29 (20.38–41.13) 16.75 (10–22.13) 71 (58.88–79.63) 15.17 (6.26–32.79) 46.80 (30.88–60.23) 4.09 (2.54–5.28) 30.28 (19.05–36.83) 2.6 (1.51–4.52) 6.42 (2.77–8.85) 17.25 (12.76–24.29) 2.43 (1.51–3.98) 1.32 (0.63–3.55)	146 (81–321) 119 (50–163) 1.5 (1.28–2.7) 4 (2–10) 23.5 (18–53) 11 (8–24) 76.5 (47–82) 6.57 (3.08–14.3) 43.55 (34.2–60.3) 4.8 (3.27–5.25) 42.75 (20.48–57.97) 3.4 (2.78–5.6) 9.5 (5.4–23.75) 12.65 (7.42–17.64) 2.63 (0.92–4.19) 1.56 (1.31–5.84)	0.004 ˂0.001 0.030 0.022 0.928 0.253 0.928 0.016 0.951 0.310 0.052 0.051 0.053 0.042 0.692 0.333
Cytokines IL‐17A (pg/ml) IFNγ (pg/ml) TNFα (pg/ml) IL‐10 (pg/ml) IL‐6 (pg/ml) IL‐4 (pg/ml) IL‐2 (pg/ml)	/ / / / / / /	0 (0–8.18) 0.41 (0–2.32) 0.86 (0.12–2.10) 4.11 (1.45–8.13) 52.25 (13.03–127.08) 0.86 (0.35–1.40) 0 (0–0)	0 (0–18.19) 0 (0–1.38) 1.04 (0.37–1.99) 2.13 (0.75–4.11) 20.22 (3.38–42.59) 1 (0.56–1.65) 0 (0–0.05)	0 (0–0.94) 0.71 (0.14–2.95) 0.39 (0–2.36) 7.45 (4.5–11.57) 136.45 (89.12–255.80) 0.79 (0–1.09) 0 (0–0)	0.240 0.038 0.214 ˂0.001 ˂0.001 0.137 0.407	0 (0–11.24) 0.21 (0–2.48) 0.86 (0.17–1.57) 2.85 (0.9–6.51) 24.65 (6.52–71.52) 0.97 (0.53–1.58) 0 (0–0.01)	0 (0–0) 0.56 (0–1.01) 0.6 (0–3.46) 7.88 (4.33–13.72) 198.27 (138.96–288.02) 0.79 (0–0.97) 0 (0–0)	0.385 0.708 0.729 0.001 ˂0.001 0.060 0.596

Nonsevere vs. severe

Survival vs. death

Normal range^*

All patients (N = 57)

Nonsevere (N = 31)

Severe (N = 26)

P‐value

Survival (N = 42)

Death (N = 15)

P‐value

Lymphocyte subsets

Lymphocytes (T cells + B cells + natural killer [NK] cells)/μl

T cells (CD3+)/μl

B cells (CD3−CD19+)/μl

NK cells (CD3−CD16+CD56+)/μl

1000–2500

700–1900

100–400

758 (480.5–1288.5)

521 (305.5–859.5)

92(38–175.5)

136 (66–216.5)

1199 (704–1623)

789 (465–1153)

150 (67–249)

171 (133–292)

513.5 (271–701)

354 (178–489.50)

40 (26.75–92.25)

76 (49.75–139.50)

˂0.001

983.5 (610.75–1372.5)

726 (391.75–968.75)

112.5 (56–181.5)

157.5 (96.5–250.5)

401 (243–642)

277 (146–463)

39 (27–92)

58 (39–123)

˂0.001

0.006

0.003

T cells subsets

CD4+ T cells/μl

CD8+ T cells/μl

CD4+/CD8+

DP T cells (CD4+CD8+)/μl

CD4+CD45RA+ T cells/CD4+ T cells %

RTEs (CD3+CD4+CD45RA+CD31+)/CD4+ T cells %

CD4+CD45RO+ T cells/CD4+ T cells%

Naïve CD8+ T cells (CD8+CD45RA+CCR7+)/CD8+ T cells %

TEMRA CD8+ T cells (CD8+CD45RA+CCR7−)/CD8+ T cells %

CM CD8+ T cells (CD8+ CD45RA−CCR7+)/T CD8+ T cells %

EM CD8+ T cells (CD8+CD45RA−CCR7−)/CD8+ T cells %

Activated CD4+ T cells (CD4+HLADR+CD38+)/CD4+ T cells % ^a

Activated CD8+ T cells (CD8+HLADR+CD38+)/CD8+ T cells % ^a

CD4+ IFNγ+ (Th1)/CD4+ T cells % ^b

CD4+ IL‐4+ (Th2)/CD4+ T cells % ^b

CD4+ IL‐17A+ (Th17)/CD4+ T cells % ^b

400–1300

200–700

1.5–2.9

2–88

29.4–55.4

6.4–41.7

44.4–68.9

28.6–64.3

14.4–48.8

6.1–14.3

6.4–16.7

1.2–2.3

2.5–6.7

288 (149–440)

208 (119–328)

1.4 (0.965–1.995)

8 (3.5–18.5)

27 (19.5–42.75)

15 (8.5–22.5)

73 (57.25–80.5)

11.3 (5.17–25.17)

46.29 (31.83–60.24)

4.19 (2.965–5.26)

32.56 (19.99–40.45)

3 (1.9–4.85)

6.8 (3.295–14.6)

16.34 (11.48–20.80)

2.53 (1.24–3.97)

1.56 (0.67–3.8)

395 (264–661)

295 (197–432)

1.46 (0.91–2.05)

8 (4–19)

27 (19–37.50)

15 (10.50–25.50)

73 (62.50–81)

17.21 (7.21–33.83)

46.29 (30.50–58.05)

4.07 (3.14–5.32)

29.85 (22.38–36.69)

2.65 (1.36–5.43)

6.34 (2.79–10.03)

17.25 (12.76–24.29)

2.45 (1.24–4.66)

0.98 (0.53–3.02)

160 (82.50–250.50)

126.5 (58.25–203.50)

1.35 (1.16–1.94)

6 (2–14)

27.25 (19.62–48.50)

12 (7.25–21.75)

72.75 (51.50–80.38)

7.31 (3.46–15.43)

47.27 (34.80–62.44)

4.415 (2.78–5.20)

34.62 (16.90–52.45)

3 (2.50–4.40)

9 (4–20)

14.17 (9.58–19.19)

2.53 (1.2–3.79)

1.65 (1.36–5.12)

˂0.001

0.974

0.275

0.380

0.476

0.380

0.014

0.344

0.898

0.293

0.239

0.234

0.112

0.739

0.105

299 (192.25–513)

273 (162.5–374.75)

1.3 (0.85–1.83)

8.5 (4.75–19)

29 (20.38–41.13)

16.75 (10–22.13)

71 (58.88–79.63)

15.17 (6.26–32.79)

46.80 (30.88–60.23)

4.09 (2.54–5.28)

30.28 (19.05–36.83)

2.6 (1.51–4.52)

6.42 (2.77–8.85)

17.25 (12.76–24.29)

2.43 (1.51–3.98)

1.32 (0.63–3.55)

146 (81–321)

119 (50–163)

1.5 (1.28–2.7)

4 (2–10)

23.5 (18–53)

11 (8–24)

76.5 (47–82)

6.57 (3.08–14.3)

43.55 (34.2–60.3)

4.8 (3.27–5.25)

42.75 (20.48–57.97)

3.4 (2.78–5.6)

9.5 (5.4–23.75)

12.65 (7.42–17.64)

2.63 (0.92–4.19)

1.56 (1.31–5.84)

0.004

˂0.001

0.030

0.022

0.928

0.253

0.928

0.016

0.951

0.310

0.052

0.051

0.053

0.042

0.692

0.333

Cytokines

IL‐17A (pg/ml)

IFNγ (pg/ml)

TNFα (pg/ml)

IL‐10 (pg/ml)

IL‐6 (pg/ml)

IL‐4 (pg/ml)

IL‐2 (pg/ml)

0 (0–8.18)

0.41 (0–2.32)

0.86 (0.12–2.10)

4.11 (1.45–8.13)

52.25 (13.03–127.08)

0.86 (0.35–1.40)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–18.19)

0 (0–1.38)

1.04 (0.37–1.99)

2.13 (0.75–4.11)

20.22 (3.38–42.59)

1 (0.56–1.65)

0 (0–0.05)

0 (0–0.94)

0.71 (0.14–2.95)

0.39 (0–2.36)

7.45 (4.5–11.57)

136.45 (89.12–255.80)

0.79 (0–1.09)

0 (0–0)

0.240

0.038

0.214

˂0.001

0.137

0.407

0 (0–11.24)

0.21 (0–2.48)

0.86 (0.17–1.57)

2.85 (0.9–6.51)

24.65 (6.52–71.52)

0.97 (0.53–1.58)

0 (0–0.01)

0 (0–0)

0.56 (0–1.01)

0.6 (0–3.46)

7.88 (4.33–13.72)

198.27 (138.96–288.02)

0.79 (0–0.97)

0 (0–0)

0.385

0.708

0.729

0.001

˂0.001

0.060

0.596

^*Reference values for the lymphocyte subsets, according to Yi et al. ¹⁰

^{^a}

The number of COVID‐19 patients who were tested for activated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells was 22 and 19 in the nonsevere and severe group, 29 and 12 in the survival and death group, respectively.

^{^b}

The number of COVID‐19 patients who were tested for Th1, Th2, and Th17, was 16 and 14 in the nonsevere and severe group, 20 and 10 in the survival and death group, respectively.

Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. P‐values comparing nonsevere and severe group, survival and death group are from independent group t‐test, or Mann‐Whitney U‐test.

COVID‐19: coronavirus disease 2019; CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells; DP: double positive; RTEs: recent thymic emigrants; TEMRA: terminally differentiated effector memory‐RA; CM: central memory; and EM: effector memory.