Fig. 1.

A, Patient cohort, sample collections and antibiotic treatment. Sixteen intubated patients enrolled in the study and were categorized in the control and case groups based on clinically diagnosed ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The duration of intubation is denoted by the length of black outlined box for each patient, whereas the duration of antibiotic treatment is denoted by the length of colored line and the type of antibiotic treatment is provided in the legend. The endotracheal aspirate (ETA) samples were collected every other day throughout the intubation period. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected as indicated. B, Percentage of VAP pathogens detected in BAL culture in clinically diagnosed patients. MSSA = methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA+ = methicillin-resistant S. aureus.