Table 2.
Single-exposure models
| Exposure | GHQ-4 | Anxiety disorders | Depressive disorders | Sleeping disorders | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adj. OR [95% IC] | p | Adj. OR [95% IC] | p | Adj. OR [95% IC] | p | Adj. OR [95% IC] | p | ||
| BC (μg/m3) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.36 [0.89–2.07] | 0.15 | 1.51 [0.83–2.75] | 0.17 | 1.60 [0.99–2.59] | 0.05 | 1.35 [0.91–2.01] | 0.13 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 1.24 [0.77–1.99] | 0.38 | 1.51 [0.83–2.74] | 0.17 | 1.98 [1.20–3.26] | 0.008 | 1.34 [0.89–2.01] | 0.16 | |
| 1 μg/m3 | 1.00 [0.76–1.33] | 0.95 | 1.07 [0.79–1.45] | 0.65 | 1.33 [0.99–1.78] | 0.05 | 1.12 [0.88–1.43] | 0.35 | |
| NO2 (μg/m3) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.02 [0.68–1.55] | 0.92 | 1.66 [0.94–2.93] | 0.08 | 1.87 [1.18–2.96] | 0.007 | 1.07 [0.73–1.58] | 0.72 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 0.95 [0.62–1.45] | 0.8 | 1.51 [0.87–2.61] | 0.14 | 1.58 [0.99–2.51] | 0.05 | 1.20 [0.81–1.78] | 0.35 | |
| 1 μg/m3 | 0.99 [0.96–1.03] | 0.72 | 1.01 [0.97–1.04] | 0.65 | 1.02 [0.99–1.05] | 0.12 | 1.01 [0.99–1.04] | 0.32 | |
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.08 [0.66–1.76] | 0.77 | 0.74 [0.39–1.42] | 0.36 | 0.79 [0.47–1.33] | 0.38 | 1.01 [0.63–1.60] | 0.97 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 1.05 [0.55–1.99] | 0.88 | 0.80 [0.36–1.70] | 0.57 | 1.34 [0.71–2.51] | 0.36 | 1.60 [0.89–2.87] | 0.11 | |
| 1 μg/m3 | 1.01 [0.85–1.20] | 0.88 | 1.05 [0.86–1.29] | 0.62 | 1.12 [0.95–1.32] | 0.19 | 1.10 [0.94–1.28] | 0.23 | |
| PM10 (μg/m3) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.19 [0.74–1.93] | 0.47 | 1.31 [0.71–2.40] | 0.38 | 1.93 [1.13–3.29] | 0.02 | 1.29 [0.82–2.01] | 0.27 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 1.10 [0.60–2.04] | 0.75 | 1.10 [0.50–2.41] | 0.82 | 3.02 [1.49–6.10] | 0.002 | 1.66 [0.94–2.93] | 0.08 | |
| 1 μg/m3 | 1.06 [0.77–1.45] | 0.71 | 1.06 [0.71–1.58] | 0.79 | 1.75 [1.51–2.42] | 0.002 | 1.29 [0.96–1.72] | 0.08 | |
| O3 (μg/m3) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 0.82 [0.54–1.25] | 0.36 | 1.01 [0.60–1.68] | 0.95 | 0.59 [0.38–0.92] | 0.02 | 0.79 [0.54–1.15] | 0.22 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 1.00 [0.66–1.51] | 0.99 | 0.78 [0.45–1.35] | 0.37 | 0.56 [0.37–0.89] | 0.01 | 0.72 [0.49–1.05] | 0.09 | |
| 1 μg/m3 | 0.98 [0.92–1.05] | 0.64 | 0.97 [0.89–1.05] | 0.43 | 0.88 [0.55–0.95] | 0.001 | 0.95 [0.89–1.01] | 0.11 | |
| Veg. coverage 600 m buffer (%) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.28 [0.86–1.92] | 0.22 | 1.06 [0.63–1.78] | 0.81 | 1.12 [0.73–1.77] | 0.59 | 1.12 [0.77–1.64] | 0.53 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 1.01 [0.66–1.56] | 0.96 | 1.02 [0.61–1.72] | 0.93 | 0.88 [0.56–1.49] | 0.59 | 0.93 [0.64–1.36] | 0.73 | |
| 25% increase | 0.98 [0.80–1.21] | 0.85 | 1.06 [0.80–1.41] | 0.65 | 0.94 [0.75–1.17] | 0.36 | 0.98 [0.80–1.19] | 0.85 | |
| Veg. coverage 1 km buffer (%) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.32 [0.88–1.97] | 0.17 | 1.14 [0.68–1.90] | 0.62 | 1.12 [0.73–1.72] | 0.59 | 1.09 [0.76–1.56] | 0.64 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 0.95 [0.62–1.47] | 0.82 | 1.04 [0.62–1.75] | 0.87 | 0.77 [0.49–1.20] | 0.25 | 1.13 [0.77–1.67] | 0.53 | |
| 25% increase | 0.99 [0.80–1.24] | 0.97 | 1.02 [0.76–1.36] | 0.89 | 0.91 [0.72–1.13] | 0.39 | 1.02 [0.84–1.23] | 0.86 | |
| Street visible veg. coverage (and 10 m on either sides) (%) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 0.98 [0.67–1.52] | 0.92 | 1.00 [0.61–1.65] | 0.97 | 1.04 [0.68–1.57] | 0.86 | 1.24 [0.84–1.80] | 0.27 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 0.92 [0.63–1.42] | 0.68 | 0.80 [0.47–1.34] | 0.39 | 0.77 [0.50–1.21] | 0.26 | 1.08 [0.74–1.56] | 0.68 | |
| 25% increase | 1.02 [0.86–1.23] | 0.84 | 1.02 [0.81–1.31] | 0.81 | 0.91 [0.73–1.27] | 0.38 | 0.99 [0.83–1.18] | 0.88 | |
| View of green | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.23 [0.82–1.84] | 0.3 | 1.38 [0.82–2.33] | 0.22 | 1.03 [0.66–1.59] | 0.89 | 0.81 [0.56–1.18] | 0.27 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 1.08 [0.70–1.65] | 0.73 | 1.42 [0.82–2.45] | 0.21 | 1.10 [0.69–1.75] | 0.68 | 0.90 [0.60–1.34] | 0.61 | |
| 10 units increase | 1.01 [0.88–1.16] | 0.87 | 1.09 [0.91–1.31] | 0.33 | 1.07 [0.90–1.22] | 0.43 | 0.99 [0.85–1.22] | 0.83 | |
| Tree density | <P50 tree vs 0 | 0.92 [0.61–1.39] | 0.71 | 0.96 [0.57–1.62] | 0.87 | 0.82 [0.52–1.27] | 0.37 | 0.66 [0.45–0.99] | 0.04 |
| >P50 tree vs 0 | 0.99 [0.65–1.49] | 0.96 | 0.97 [0.56–1.69] | 0.92 | 0.90 [0.57–1.42] | 0.65 | 0.70 [0.47–1.05] | 0.09 | |
| 25 trees/100 m increase | 1.03 [0.89–1.19] | 0.69 | 0.97 [0.80–1.66] | 0.93 | 0.99 [0.93–1.05] | 0.67 | 0.94 [0.62–1.40] | 0.76 | |
| Noise from multiple source Lden (dB) | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.00 [0.66–1.51] | 0.88 | 0.73 [0.44–1.32] | 0.34 | 0.86 [0.54–1.38] | 0.54 | 1.27 [0.84–1.93] | 0.25 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 0.88 [0.59–1.32] | 0.43 | 1.01 [0.59–1.73] | 0.97 | 1.46 [0.91–2.33] | 0.11 | 1.39 [0.95–2.02] | 0.09 | |
| 1 dB | 1.00 [0.98–1.04] | 0.75 | 1.00 [0.97–1.03] | 0.75 | 1.03 [0.99–1.06] | 0.11 | 1.00 [0.98–1.04] | 0.33 | |
| Street canyon effect | Tertile 2 vs 1 | 1.00 [0.66–1.49] | 0.85 | 0.88 [0.50–1.54] | 0.66 | 1.31 [0.83–2.07] | 0.24 | 0.88 [0.58–1.35] | 0.98 |
| Tertile 3 vs 1 | 1.15 [0.77–1.71] | 0.23 | 1.17 [0.71–1.94] | 0.54 | 1.31 [0.81–2.10] | 0.27 | 0.91 [0.62–1.74] | 0.35 | |
| 1 unit increase | 1.15 [0.78–1.69] | 0.22 | 1.03 [0.64–1.68] | 0.88 | 1.16 [0.78–1.72] | 0.46 | 1.03 [0.74–1.44] | 0.84 | |
| Street corridor effect [0–2] | >P50 vs < P50 | 0.91 [0.58–1.43] | 0.65 | 1.12 [0.62–2.00] | 0.7 | 1.18 [0.70–1.98] | 0.56 | 0.88 [0.58–1.35] | 0.55 |
| 2 (max) vs < P50 | 1.02 [0.68–1.52] | 0.75 | 0.88 [0.52–1.49] | 0.63 | 1.31 [0.81–2.12] | 0.22 | 0.91 [0.62–1.74] | 0.65 | |
| 1 unit increase | 1.02 [0.75–1.39] | 0.88 | 0.88 [0.59–1.31] | 0.54 | 1.12 [0.75–1.61] | 0.58 | 0.97 [0.72–1.31] | 0.85 | |
Notes: Models adjusted for sex, age, family composition, reported household income, highest household educational level and year