Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics, and medication use
| BD (n=28) | TDC (n=26) | Statistical Comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female/Male | 12/16 | 16/10 | X2=1.885; p=0.170 |
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 13.9 (2.8) | 12.7 (3.4) | F(1,52) = 1.910; p = 0.173 |
| Intelligence Quotient and Clinical Scales (Mean ± SD) | |||
| Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) | 105.2 ± 11.7 | 110.6 ± 8.4 | F(1,52) = 3.697; p = 0.060 |
| Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) | 7.2 ± 4.9 | - | |
| Children’s Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) | 29.3 ± 12.5 | - | |
| Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) | 63.8 ± 16.0 | - | |
| Comorbid Diagnoses (n (%)) | |||
| ADHD (all types) | 20 (71.4%) | - | |
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) | 21 (75%) | - | |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | 3 (10.7%) | - | |
| Social Phobia | 3 (10.7%) | - | |
| Specific Phobia | 5 (17.9%) | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | 2 (7.1%) | ||
| Separation Anxiety | 2 (7.1%) | ||
| Panic Disorder | 1 (3.6%) | - | |
| Conduct Disorder | 1 (3.6%) | - | |
| Medications (n (%)) | |||
| Antipsychotic | 17 (61%) | - | |
| Lithium | 9 (32%) | - | |
| Stimulant* | 8 (29%) | - | |
| Anti-depressant | 7 (25%) | - | |
| Anti-epileptic | 5 (18%) | - | |
| Non-stimulant ADHD medication** | 4 (14%) | - | |
| Benzodiazepine | 2 (7%) | - | |
| Any psychoactive medication | 24 (86%) | - | |
Notes: Mean (SD) displayed for Age and Full-Scale IQ. Comorbid Current Diagnoses are based on the K-SADS Current diagnostic category (spanning the most recent 6 months relative to the time of the K-SADS interview)
*
Stimulant medication was held for 22–48hrs prior to the scan in 6 participants; for 2 participants, the stimulant medication was not held prior to the MRI scan.
**
Non-stimulant ADHD medication includes clonidine or atomoxetine.
Abbreviations: BD: bipolar disorder; TDC: typically developing controls