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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Metab Eng. 2020 Sep 11;63:126–140. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.08.015

Fig. 4. Representative pathways with engineered metabolic regulation.

Fig. 4.

(A) Glucaric acid production in E. coli (Doong et al., 2018). AHL, N-acyl homoserine lactones; PFK-1, phospho-fructokinase-1; G6P, glucose-6-ph osphate; F6P, fructose-6-phosphate; MI, myo-inositol; MIOX, myo-inositol oxygenase. (B) 4-HIL production in C. glutamicum (Zhang et al., 2018). α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; SUCC, succinyl-CoA; SUC, succinate; OAA, oxaloacetate; Ile, L-isoleucine; 4-HIL, 4-hydroxyiso leucine; OdhA, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex E1 subunit. (C) MA production in E. coli (Yang et al., 2018). E4P, erythrose 4-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; DAHP, 3-deoxy-d-ara-bino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate; MA, muconic acid; AAA, aromatic amino acid; EntC, isochorismate synthase; PchB, isochorismate pyruvate lyase; PykF, pyruvate kinase I; PykA, pyruvate kinase II; Ppc, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. (D) Naringenin production in Y. lipolytica (Lv et al., 2020). LEU2, 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase; FAS1, fatty acid synthetases Fas1p; FAS2, fatty acid synthetases Fas2p; FabD, malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase. β-IPM, 3-isopropylmalate; KIC, α-ketoi-socarpoate (E) Monoterpene production in S. cerevisiae (Peng et al., 2018). DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; GPP, geranyl pyrophosphate; FPP, farnesol pyrophosphate; Erg20p, FPP synthase. (F) Xylonate production in E. coli (Gao et al., 2020). PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; XylA, xylose isomerase; CcxylB, xylose dehydrogenase from Caulobacter crescentus; Dashed line, multiple enzymatic steps; blue line, engineered regulatory interaction; Circle, the signal molecule in the dynamic control system. Pathways and metabolites in bold are essential to the host.