Table 1.

Molecular markers associated with increased transmissibility in animal models of AIVs

Function	Gene	Position and AA	Reference(s)
Enhanced binding to human-type receptor	H5	Loss of glycosylation site at 158–160	Herfst et al. 2012; Imai et al. 2012
		186K	Chutinimitkul et al. 2010; Yamada et al. 2006
		190D	Chen et al. 2012; Stevens et al. 2006
		196R/H	Chen et al. 2012; Watanabe et al. 2011; Yamada et al. 2006
		222E/Q	Guo et al. 2017; Manz et al. 2010
		224K	Imai et al. 2012
		226L	Harvey et al. 2004; Herfst et al. 2012; Imai et al. 2012; Stevens et al. 2006; Chutinimitkul et al. 2010
		227N/R	Chen et al. 2012; Chutinimitkul et al. 2010; Gambaryan et al. 2006; Guo et al. 2017; Shinya et al. 2010
		228S	Chutinimitkul et al. 2010; Harvey et al. 2004; Herfst et al. 2012; Stevens et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2010
	H6	225D	de Vries et al. 2017b
		226L	Qu et al. 2017
	H7	Gain of glycosylation site at 133	Srinivasan et al. 2013
		186V	Xiong et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2010; Shi et al. 2013a; Tharakaraman et al. 2013
		193T	de Vries et al. 2017a
		224K	de Vries et al. 2017a
		226L/I	Shi et al. 2013a; Srinivasan et al. 2013; Tharakaraman et al. 2013; Xiong et al. 2013
		228S	Srinivasan et al. 2013; Tharakaraman et al. 2013
	H9	226L	Wan et al. 2008
Increased polymerase activity in mammalian host	PB2	Q591K	Chan et al. 2016; Mok et al. 2014
		E627K	Herfst et al. 2014; Mok et al. 2014; Zhu et al. 2015
		D701N	Mok et al. 2014; Zhu et al. 2015