Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of potential risk factors for type 2 diabetes according to the quintile of total dietary fiber intake
| Variables | Total dietary fiber intake (g/1,000 kcal) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (M: ≤4.13; W: ≤5.41) (n = 377) | Q2 (M: 4.14–5.01; W: 5.42–6.37) (n = 379) | Q3 (M: 5.02–5.89; W: 6.38–7.39) (n = 379) | Q4 (M: 5.90–7.06; W: 7.40–8.54) (n = 379) | Q5 (M: ≥7.07; W: ≥8.55) (n = 378) | P for trend | |
| Dietary fiber intake (median) | ||||||
| Men (g/1,000 kcal) | 3.61 | 4.61 | 5.47 | 6.45 | 7.94 | |
| Women (g/1,000 kcal) | 4.65 | 5.90 | 6.90 | 7.93 | 9.62 | |
| Clinical parameters | ||||||
| Age (years) | 55.6 (10.3) | 56.4 (10.4) | 56.2 (9.9) | 57.4 (10.2) | 59.0 (10.0) | <0.0001 |
| Men (%) | 40.1 | 40.1 | 40.1 | 40.1 | 40.2 | 0.97 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 8.8 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 9.6 | 0.36 |
| Hypertension (%) | 36.6 | 37.2 | 31.1 | 35.1 | 38.1 | 0.91 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.0 (3.1) | 22.8 (3.1) | 22.7 (3.0) | 22.9 (3.0) | 23.4 (2.9) | 0.04 |
| Obesity, ≥25.0 kg/m2 (%) | 24.9 | 21.6 | 19.3 | 23.0 | 27.5 | 0.34 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.27 (1.05) | 5.38 (1.08) | 5.35(1.07) | 5.38 (1.04) | 5.41 (1.06) | 0.49 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.33 (0.32) | 1.31 (0.29) | 1.29 (0.29) | 1.31 (0.30) | 1.31 (0.28) | 0.38 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.07 (0.78–1.48) | 1.10 (0.76–1.56) | 1.04 (0.78–1.59) | 1.12 (0.85–1.54) | 1.07 (0.79–1.54) | 0.53 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.32 (0.90–1.86) | 1.36 (0.96–1.86) | 1.27 (0.93–1.79) | 1.32 (0.94–1.86) | 1.40 (0.92–1.97) | 0.51 |
| Serum hs‐CRP (mg/L) | 0.41 (0.20–0.89) | 0.43 (0.22–1.03) | 0.35 (0.18–0.70) | 0.40 (0.18–0.89) | 0.44 (0.22–0.88) | 0.15 |
| Current smoking (%) | 30.0 | 24.8 | 24.0 | 19.0 | 16.9 | <0.0001 |
| Current alcohol drinking (%) | 36.3 | 30.9 | 29.0 | 28.0 | 23.8 | 0.0002 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 6.6 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 14.0 | 13.5 | 0.0002 |
| Dietary factors | ||||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,700 (395) | 1,660 (348) | 1,699 (383) | 1,711 (363) | 1,782 (391) | 0.003 |
| Vitamin A (IU/1,000 kcal) | 1,426 (639) | 1,572 (574) | 1,771 (594) | 1,881 (671) | 2,167 (718) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal) | 32.8 (13.2) | 40.7 (16.1) | 48.0 (18.6) | 52.8 (19.1) | 62.0 (23.0) | <0.0001 |
| Magnesium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 86.1 (20.4) | 95.2 (16.0) | 103.4 (16.7) | 108.6 (15.2) | 126.7 (23.2) | <0.0001 |
| P/S ratio | 1.10 (0.40) | 1.21 (0.42) | 1.28 (0.42) | 1.40 (0.42) | 1.62 (0.49) | <0.0001 |
The values of serum triglycerides, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) are shown as the median (interquartile range). All other values are given as the mean (standard deviations) or percentage. HDL, high density lipoprotein; M, men; P/S ratio, polyunsaturated fatty acid : saturated fatty acid ratio; Q, quintile; W, women.