Table 2.
Logistic regression model for vaspin and other predictors using diabetic retinopathy and vision‐threatening diabetic retinopathy as the dependent variables
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis † | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
| DR | ||||
| Vaspin (increase per unit) | 2.48 (1.82–3.37) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.43–2.55) | <0.001 |
| Age (increase per unit) | 0.99 (0.73–1.03) | 0.38 | – | |
| Sex (female vs male) | 3.17 (1.98–5.05) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.43–3.02) | 0.003 |
| BMI (increase per unit) | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 0.003 | 1.07 (1.02–1.15) | 0.009 |
| Disease duration (increase per unit) | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | 0.007 | 1.05 (0.95–1.21) | 0.09 |
| Hypertension (yes vs no) | 1.56 (1.02–2.51) | 0.075 | – | |
| Hyperlipidemia (yes vs no) | 1.22 (0.95–1.98) | 0.32 | – | |
| Smoking status (yes vs no) | 1.68 (0.98–2.97) | 0.58 | – | |
| Alcohol intake (yes vs no) | 2.03 (1.32–3.28) | 0.13 | – | |
| Intensive glucose treatment (yes vs no) ‡ | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) | 0.012 | 0.95 (0.88–1.06) | 0.08 |
| HbA1c (increase per unit) | 1.48 (1.26–1.74) | 0.001 | 1.32 (1.21–1.55) | 0.008 |
| Hs‐CRP (increase per unit) | 1.67 (1.22–2.15) | 0.012 | 1.43 (1.15–1.94) | 0.039 |
| HOMA‐IR (increase per unit) | 1.14 (1.08–1.19) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | 0.002 |
| VTDR | ||||
| Vaspin (increase per unit) | 7.65 (3.16–11.15) | <0.001 | 3.76 (2.05–6.55) | <0.001 |
| Age (increase per unit) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.11 | – | |
| Sex (female vs male) | 2.55 (2.01–3.16) | 0.003 | 2.03 (1.33–2.93) | 0.009 |
| BMI (increase per unit) | 1.22 (1.06–1.39) | 0.004 | 1.15 (1.03–1.33) | 0.011 |
| Disease duration (increase per unit) | 1.09 (1.03–1.18) | 0.009 | 1.04 (1.01–1.14) | 0.021 |
| Hypertension (yes vs no) | 1.72 (0.89–3.32) | 0.11 | – | |
| Hyperlipidemia (yes vs no) | 1.05 (0.52–2.08) | 0.82 | – | |
| Smoking status (yes vs no) | 1.32 (0.63–2.77) | 0.43 | – | |
| Alcohol intake (yes vs no) | 1.87 (0.88–3.96) | 0.10 | – | |
| Intensive glucose treatment (yes vs no) ‡ | 0.77 (0.63–0.92) | 0.015 | 0.89 (0.75–1.03) | 0.08 |
| HbA1c (increase per unit) | 1.60 (1.29–2.00) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.14–1.92) | 0.003 |
| Hs‐CRP (increase per unit) | 1.44 (1.20–1.63) | 0.013 | 1.31 (1.09–1.62) | 0.04 |
| HOMA‐IR (increase per unit) | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.02–1.20) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; Hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; OR, odds ratio; VTDR; vision‐threatening diabetic retinopathy.
†
Factors included in the multivariate analysis were confirmed in the univariate analysis
‡
Sulfonylurea or insulin or, if >120% of ideal bodyweight, metformin