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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019 Jun 10;16(12):745–759. doi: 10.1038/s41569-019-0219-9

Fig. 1 |. Overview of changes in HIV treatment and HIV-associated cardiovascular diseases.

Fig. 1 |

The types of cardiovascular complications associated with HIV infection have changed in the pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) and ART eras and are likely to continue evolving in the future as new medications and treatment approaches emerge. In the pre-ART era, dilated cardiomyopathy and pericardial effusions were the most commonly reported cardiovascular issues in patients infected with HIV14,176. After the introduction of protease inhibitors (PIs) in the late 1990s, atherosclerotic complications including myocardial infarction were described177,178. More recently, reports of heart failure and rhythm abnormalities are now emerging in the setting of HIV infection3,6. In the future, among individuals with access to ART, HIV infection will be a chronic disease state with increased risk of coronary artery disease19. CCR5, CC-chemokine receptor 5; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor ; NRTI, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor.