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. 2021 Mar 31;11(3):e040465. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040465

Table 3.

Risk of bias in individual studies

Study Study participation Anti-CCP antibody measurement ILD confirmation Study confounding Statistical analysis and reporting
Alunno et al 201838 Moderate risk Low risk High risk High risk High risk
England et al 201939 Moderate risk High risk High risk Low risk High risk
Giles et al 201440 Moderate risk Low risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Chen et al 201341 Low risk High risk Low risk Moderate risk High risk
Chen et al 201542 Moderate risk Low risk Low risk Moderate risk High risk
Doyle et al 201543 Moderate risk Moderate risk Low risk Moderate risk High risk
Abdel-Hamid et al 201944 Moderate risk Moderate risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Akiyama et al 201645 Low risk Moderate risk High risk Moderate risk Moderate risk
Alexiou et al 200846 Moderate risk Low risk High risk High risk High risk
Correia et al 201947 Moderate risk Low risk Low risk Moderate risk High risk
Fadda et al 201848 Moderate risk Low risk Low risk Moderate risk High risk
Furukawa et al 201249 Moderate risk Low risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Kakutani et al 201950 Low risk High risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Kelly et al 201451 Moderate risk High risk Low risk Moderate risk High risk
Liu et al 201952 Moderate risk Low risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Matsuo et al 201853 Low risk Moderate risk High risk Moderate risk Moderate risk
Mori et al 201254 Low risk Low risk Low risk Moderate risk Moderate risk
Ortancil et al 201155 Moderate risk Low risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Park et al 201656 Low risk Low risk Low risk High risk High risk
Paulin et al 201957 Moderate risk High risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Restrepo et al 201558 Moderate risk Low risk High risk Moderate risk Moderate risk
Rocha-Munoz et al 201559 Moderate risk Low risk High risk Moderate risk Low risk
Sargin et al 201860 Moderate risk High risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Sulaiman et al 201961 Moderate risk Low risk High risk High risk High risk
Tian et al 201662 High risk Low risk High risk Moderate risk High risk
Wang et al 201563 Moderate risk High risk Low risk High risk High risk
Yang et al 201964 Moderate risk High risk Moderate risk Moderate risk Moderate risk
Yin et al 201465 Moderate risk Low risk Low risk Moderate risk Moderate risk
Zhang et al 201866 High risk High risk High risk High risk High risk

Text in bold indicates high risk of bias.

CCP, cyclic citrullinated peptite; ILD, interstitial lung disease.;