Table 1.

Proposed tests and outcomes after AKI

Proposed tests after AKI	Time point of measurement	Type of study	Population	Timepoint of follow-up and outcomes
Creatinine/estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and electrolytes	After AKI	Retrospective population-based cohort	14,651 hospital survivors	Associated with an excess risk of 30% renal decline and de novo CKD stage 4 over 10 years, and the risk decreased over time [26]
	eGRF at discharge after AKI	Retrospective multicenter cohort	9,973 hospitalized patients	Associated with CKD stage 4 or higher at 1 year [11]
	eGFR at 3 months after AKI	Multicenter prospective cohort	1,538 participants, of whom 50% developed AKI	Associated with future deterioration in kidney function (halving of eGFR or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)) at 4.7 years (HR 1.50 for each 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 decrease; 95% CI, 1.36–1.66) [14]
	eGFR normal (>60 ml/min/1.73 m2) at 1 year after AKI requiring temporary dialysis	Single center retrospective	396 patients	8.8% developed CKD after a median of 5.3 years [60]
Albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio) and proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio)	Albuminuria at 3 months after AKI	Multicenter prospective study	1,538 participants, of whom 50% developed AKI	Associated with future deterioration in kidney function (halving of eGFR or ESKD) at 4.7 years (HR 1.53 for each doubling; 95% CI, 1.45–1.62) [14] Urine ACR better predicted kidney deterioration than eGFR, and UPCR had a stronger association than ACR (HR 1.98 vs 1.53) [14]
Blood pressure	After AKI	Multicenter retrospective cohort	2,451 previously normotensive adults	Increased risk of hypertension within 2 years (22% increase (95% CI, 12–33%) after multivariable adjustment, and the risk was higher with increased AKI severity [32]
Screening for cardiovascular events (HF, MI, stroke, AF)	After AKI	Meta-analysis	254,408 adults	Increased risk of HF up to three years (RR 1.58, 95%CI 1.46–1.72) Increased risk of MI up to three years (RR 1.40, 95%CI 1.23–1.59) [34]
	After AKI	Retrospective multicenter cohort	146,941 adults	Increased risk of HF at one year (HR 1.44, 95%CI 1.33–1.56) [35]
	After AKI	Meta-analysis	254,408 adults	Increased risk of stroke at three years (RR 1.15, 95%CI 1.03–1.28) [34]
	After AKI	Retrospective population-based cohort	21,556 critically ill survivors	Increased risk of HF (HR 1.33, 95%CI 106–1.66 for stage 1 and HR 1.45, 95%CI 1.14–1.84 for stages 2–3) and MI (HR 1.51, 95%CI 1.05–2.18 for stages 2–3) up to three years [61]
	After AKI requiring dialysis	Retrospective cohort	41,463 patients	Increased risk of subsequent atrial fibrillation (AF) after 6.9 years (HR 1.30; 95% CI, 1.07–1.58) compared to non-AKI [37].
Serum glucose	After AKI requiring temporary dialysis	Retrospective population-based cohort	13,228 adults	Increased risk of diabetes within 6 years with mortality as a competing risk factor (HR 1.18, 95%CI 1.07–1.30) [39]
Serum lipids