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. 2021 Apr 2;16(2):371–380. doi: 10.26603/001c.21492

Table 1: Mean (± standard deviation) for the for joint kinematics and joint moments at peak reach distance in the anterior (ANT), posterior medial (PM), and posterior lateral (PL) direction.

Mean ± SD (˚) Mean ± SD (Nm/kg)
Kinematic variables ANT Reach PM Reach PL Reach Kinetic variables ANT Reach PM Reach PL Reach
Torso Flexion -2.48 ± 13.49 33.92 ± 12.15 36.67 ± 10.95 Hip Extensor -0.47 ± 0.60 -1.12 ± 0.49 -1.20 ± 0.39
Anterior Pelvic Tilt -13.68 ± 9.58 22.47 ± 10.28 23.19 ± 9.70 Knee Extensor 1.45 ± 0.60 1.29 ± 0.48 0.80 ± 0.45
Hip Flexion 34.52 ± 17.25 79.30 ± 13.32 80.7 ± 12.60 Ankle Plantar Flexor -1.31 ± 0.23 -0.57 ± 0.25 -0.70 ± 0.15
Knee Flexion 66.89 ± 19.46 63.06 ± 11.79 50.0 ± 10.51
Ankle Dorsiflexion 25.73 ± 7.36 21.78 ± 6.04 20.72 ± 5.62
 
Torso Ipsilateral Bending 6.13 ± 7.30 13.23 ± 10.88 -11.79 ± 8.53 Hip Abductor -0.90 ± 0.21 -0.26 ± 0.36 -0.81 ± 0.22
Pelvis Ipsilateral Drop -1.84 ± 4.17 9.31 ± 8.50 -23.97 ± 6.54 Knee Abductor -0.22 ± 0.23 -0.02 ± 0.25 -0.63 ± 0.25
Hip Abduction 10.60 ± 4.34 -0.03 ± 9.98 14.33 ± 6.19 Ankle Invertor 0.11 ± 0.19 0.09 ± 0.10 0.17 ± 0.08
Knee Varus 3.58 ± 6.53 1.35 ± 7.49 19.84 ± 9.13
Ankle Inversion -3.84 ± 8.32 -8.68 ± 6.84 -7.31 ± 5.98
 
Torso Ipsilateral Rotation -13.16 ± 8.79 4.66 ± 8.19 1.29 ± 9.20 Hip Ext. Rotator -0.15 ± 0.14 -0.47 ± 0.30 -0.34 ± 0.16
Pelvis Ipsilateral Rotation -13.2 ± 8.92 4.76 ± 8.07 11.18 ± 10.24 Knee Ext. Rotator 0.27 ± 0.15 0.12 ± 0.21 0.36 ± 0.14
Hip Internal Rotation 13.56 ± 7.32 11.25 ± 8.12 -3.07 ± 10.50 Ankle Ext. Rotator -0.04 ± 0.09 0.06 ± 0.06 0.00 ± 0.08
Knee Internal Rotation -6.69 ± 7.64 -10.78 ± 9.17 -20.8 ± 8.61
Ankle Internal Rotation 2.48 ± 7.31 -2.64 ± 5.79 -0.74 ± 4.92

Note: Negative values for joint kinematics represent the opposite joint movement from the listed movement (i.e. torso extension, posterior pelvic tilt, hip extension, etc…). Joint moment values represent the net internal joint moment.