Table 1: Mean (± standard deviation) for the for joint kinematics and joint moments at peak reach distance in the anterior (ANT), posterior medial (PM), and posterior lateral (PL) direction.
Mean ± SD (˚) | Mean ± SD (Nm/kg) | |||||||
Kinematic variables | ANT Reach | PM Reach | PL Reach | Kinetic variables | ANT Reach | PM Reach | PL Reach | |
Torso Flexion | -2.48 ± 13.49 | 33.92 ± 12.15 | 36.67 ± 10.95 | Hip Extensor | -0.47 ± 0.60 | -1.12 ± 0.49 | -1.20 ± 0.39 | |
Anterior Pelvic Tilt | -13.68 ± 9.58 | 22.47 ± 10.28 | 23.19 ± 9.70 | Knee Extensor | 1.45 ± 0.60 | 1.29 ± 0.48 | 0.80 ± 0.45 | |
Hip Flexion | 34.52 ± 17.25 | 79.30 ± 13.32 | 80.7 ± 12.60 | Ankle Plantar Flexor | -1.31 ± 0.23 | -0.57 ± 0.25 | -0.70 ± 0.15 | |
Knee Flexion | 66.89 ± 19.46 | 63.06 ± 11.79 | 50.0 ± 10.51 | |||||
Ankle Dorsiflexion | 25.73 ± 7.36 | 21.78 ± 6.04 | 20.72 ± 5.62 | |||||
Torso Ipsilateral Bending | 6.13 ± 7.30 | 13.23 ± 10.88 | -11.79 ± 8.53 | Hip Abductor | -0.90 ± 0.21 | -0.26 ± 0.36 | -0.81 ± 0.22 | |
Pelvis Ipsilateral Drop | -1.84 ± 4.17 | 9.31 ± 8.50 | -23.97 ± 6.54 | Knee Abductor | -0.22 ± 0.23 | -0.02 ± 0.25 | -0.63 ± 0.25 | |
Hip Abduction | 10.60 ± 4.34 | -0.03 ± 9.98 | 14.33 ± 6.19 | Ankle Invertor | 0.11 ± 0.19 | 0.09 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | |
Knee Varus | 3.58 ± 6.53 | 1.35 ± 7.49 | 19.84 ± 9.13 | |||||
Ankle Inversion | -3.84 ± 8.32 | -8.68 ± 6.84 | -7.31 ± 5.98 | |||||
Torso Ipsilateral Rotation | -13.16 ± 8.79 | 4.66 ± 8.19 | 1.29 ± 9.20 | Hip Ext. Rotator | -0.15 ± 0.14 | -0.47 ± 0.30 | -0.34 ± 0.16 | |
Pelvis Ipsilateral Rotation | -13.2 ± 8.92 | 4.76 ± 8.07 | 11.18 ± 10.24 | Knee Ext. Rotator | 0.27 ± 0.15 | 0.12 ± 0.21 | 0.36 ± 0.14 | |
Hip Internal Rotation | 13.56 ± 7.32 | 11.25 ± 8.12 | -3.07 ± 10.50 | Ankle Ext. Rotator | -0.04 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.08 | |
Knee Internal Rotation | -6.69 ± 7.64 | -10.78 ± 9.17 | -20.8 ± 8.61 | |||||
Ankle Internal Rotation | 2.48 ± 7.31 | -2.64 ± 5.79 | -0.74 ± 4.92 |
Note: Negative values for joint kinematics represent the opposite joint movement from the listed movement (i.e. torso extension, posterior pelvic tilt, hip extension, etc…). Joint moment values represent the net internal joint moment.