Table 4.

The largest multi-center clinical trials

Clinical trial	Interventions/Study arms	Target population	Outcomes	Adaptive design
RECOVERY NCT04381936 Participants estimated: 20000	Lopinavir-Ritonavir: stopped Low-dose dexamethasone [Ref. 1]: stopped Hydroxychloroquine: stopped Azithromycin: ongoing Convalescent plasma: ongoing Tocilizumab: ongoing Immunoglobulin: ongoing Synthetic neutralizing antibodies: ongoing Aspirin: ongoing Colchicine: ongoing	Adults Hospitalized patients Critically ill patients (suspected/confirmed COVID-19)	Reduced mortality by 30% in critically patients, and by 20% in hospitalized patients Reduced duration of hospitalization Reduced progression to MV and CRRT	YES
REMAP-CAP NCT02735707 Participants estimated: 7100	Lopinavir/ritonavir: ongoing Hydroxychloroquine: ongoing Hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir: ongoing Interferon-β1a: ongoing Anakinra: ongoing Fixed-duration higher dose Hydrocortisone: Stopped Tocilizumab: ongoing Sarilumab: ongoing Vitamin C: ongoing Therapeutic anticoagulation: ongoing Simvastatin: ongoing Convalescent plasma: ongoing Protocolised mechanical ventilation strategy: ongoing Eritoran: ongoing Apremilast: ongoing Aspirin: ongoing Clopidogrel: ongoing Prasugrel: ongoing Ticagrelor: ongoing	Adults Critically ill patients receiving invasive or non-invasive respiratory support, or vasopressors (probable/confirmed COVID-19)	21-day survival (days alive and not receiving organ support in ICU)	YES
SOLIDARITY NCT04647669 Participants recruited: 11330	Remdesivir: stopped Hydroxychloroquine: Stopped Lopinavir/ritonavir: Stopped Acalabrutinib (anti-tyrosine kinase): ongoing Interferon β1a: Stopped	Hospitalized adults	28-day mortality All 4 treatments evaluated (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon) had little or no effect on overall mortality, initiation of ventilation and duration of hospital stay in hospitalized patients.	YES
PRINCIPLE ISRCTN86534580 Participants estimated: 3000	Azithromycin: ongoing Doxycycline: ongoing Inhaled budesonide: ongoing	Primary care Outpatients	The risk of complications from suspected COVID-19	YES
DISCOVERY NCT04315948 Participants estimated: 3100	Remdesivir: ongoing Lopinavir/ritonavir: ongoing Interferon Beta-1a: ongoing Hydroxychloroquine: ongoing Standard of care: ongoing	Hospitalized and critically ill adults (Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Percentage of subjects reporting each severity rating on a 7-point ordinal scale (at day 15): Not hospitalized, no limitations on activities Not hospitalized, limitation on activities; Hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen; Hospitalized, requiring supplemental oxygen; Hospitalized, on non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen devices; Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO Death	YES

CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; ICU: Intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation