Functional bioenergetics of control versus PLS fibroblasts. Primary skin fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of 5 mM glucose, 4 mM glutamine and 1 mM pyruvate, values were normalized by mg protein. (n = 91 control and 34 PLS). (A) Oxygen consumption rates (OCR) measured by Seahorse flux analyzer, are indicative of mitochondrial respiration. (B) Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), also measured by Seahorse, are indicative of glycolytic fluxes. (C) Total cellular ATP content measured by a luminescence assay. Experimental details are provided in the study by Konrad and colleagues (82).