Table 1.
Characteristics of COVID-19, PIMS-TS and Seropositive (non PIMS-TS) children.
| COVID-19n = 33 | PIMS-TSn = 44 | Non PIMS-TSn = 47# | P value∞ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age median (years, IQR) | 5 (1 – 17 yr) | 7 y (1 – 14y) | 4.4 y (1 – 17 y) | p < 0.05 |
| Male n (%) | 20 (60%) | 19 (43%) | 35 (74%) | p < 0.05 |
| Serology IgG positive n (%) | 0 | 44 (100%) | 47 (100%) | |
| Underlying conditions n (%) | 6 (19%)£ | 1 (2%)a | 11 (23%)c | p < 0.05 |
| Co-existing infections n (%) | 4 (12%)£ | 5 (11%)b | 6 (13%)d | p < 0.05 |
| Median duration since proven or suspected COVID illness or contact (weeks, range) | NA | 3 w (10 d – 4 w) | 3.2 w (10 d – 5 w)ᵟ | p = 0.46 |
| COVID-19 Symptoms n (%) | ||||
| Fever | 28 (86%) | 44 (100%) | 17 (36%) | p < 0.05 |
| Gastrointestinal | 8 (23%) | 37 (84%) | 15 (32%) | p < 0.00001 |
| Respiratory | 10 (31%) | 11 (25%) | 16 (34%) | p = 0.17 |
| Mucocutaneous | 0 | 34 (77%) | 0 | p < 0.00001 |
| Asymptomatic | 6 (18%) | 0 | 30* (64%) | p < 0.00001 |
| Cardiovascular symptoms/signs | ||||
| Hypotension | 0 | 23 (52%) | 0 | p < 0.00001 |
| Shock | 1 | 21 (48%) | 2 | p < 0.00001 |
| Coronary artery dilatation | 0 | 2 | 0 | p < 0.00001 |
| Mycocardial dysfunction | 0 | 23 (52%) | 0 | |
| Laboratory parameters n = 29 n = 44 n = 31 | ||||
| CRP (< 5 mg/L) | 5 (<5 – 181) | 169 (39 – 473) | 5 (<5 – 181) ¥ | p < 0.00001 |
|
Lymphocyte(/mm3) (1500 – 4000) median (IQR) |
2945 (650 – 12,000) | 1386 (330 - 2200) | 3890 (650 – 12,000) | p < 0.00001 |
|
Neutrophils (/mm3) (1500 – 7000) median (IQR) |
3681 (120 – 13,160) | 11,658 (9918 - 14,878) | 6300 (120 – 13,160) | p < 0.00001 |
| Platelets (200 – 450)x109/L median (IQR) | 278 (180 – 400) | 110 (62 – 210) | 327 (100 – 540) | p < 0.00001 |
| Sodium (135 – 145 mmol/l) median (IQR) | 136 (135 – 145) | 134 (127 −138) | 138 (135 – 148) | p < 0.00001 |
| Median duration of stay | 3 (1 – 7) | 4.5 (3 – 12) | 3 (1 – 10) | p = 0.0001 |
| Treatment n (%) | ||||
| IVIG | 0 | 37 (84%) | 0 | < 0.00001 |
| Steroids | 1 (4%) | 32 (73%) | 2 (4%) | < 0.00001 |
| PICU admission | 3 (10%) | 23 (53%) | 6 (11%) € | < 0.00001 |
| Antibiotics | 10 (31%) | 39 (87%) | 16 (31%) | < 0.00001 |
| Tocilizumab (8 mg/kg) | 0 | 2 (4%) | 0 | |
| Respiratory support n (%) | ||||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| HHFNC | 1 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 2 (4%) | |
| Oxygen | 3 (10%) | 7 (16%) | 5 (10%) | |
| Cardiovascular support n (%) | ||||
| Inotropes | 0 | 23 (52%) | 0 | |
| Fluid Bolus | 1 (4%) | 28 (64%) | 2 (4%) | |
Admitted for reasons other than COVID-19.
p value between PIMS-TS, non PIMS-TS and COVID-19.
Admitted for elective surgery/procedures.
Details described in table 2.
High CRP seen in children with co-infections.
no history of COVID illness or contact in 4 children.
Admitted to PICU for reasons other than COVID-19. PICU: paediatric intensive care unit; HHFNC: high flow nasal cannula oxygen; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin, CRP: C - reactive protein.
Atrial septal defect.
Urinary tract infection, Scrub typhus, Enteric fever.
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Neurodevelopmental delay, Medulloblastoma, Inborn error of metabolism, Osteosarcoma, thalassemia, Haemolytic anaemia, Seizure disorder.
Scrub typhus, Dengue viral fever, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis.