Table 2:

Adjusted associations between standardized problem behaviors at age 6 years and within-individual change in cardiometabolic dysregulation from age 6 to 10 years (N=4,327). ^a,b

	Change in Cardiometabolic Dysregulation c
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	ß (95% CI)	p-value	ß (95% CI)	p-value	ß (95% CI)	p-value
Problem Behaviors, Per 1-SD	0.18 (0.06, 0.30)	0.003	0.11 (0.00, 0.21)	0.043	0.12 (0.00, 0.23)	0.048
Sociodemographic Factors
Age, Months			−0.04 (−0.06, −0.03)	<0.001	−0.05 (−0.06, −0.03)	<0.001
Female			0.09 (−0.10, 0.27)	0.36	0.01 (−0.19, 0.21)	0.90
Ethnicity
Dutch			Reference	--	Reference	--
Other European			0.13 (−0.23, 0.49)	0.47	0.13 (−0.24, 0.51)	0.48
Caribbean			0.50 (0.13, 0.86)	0.008	0.42 (0.04, 0.80)	0.032
Middle Eastern			0.63 (0.27, 1.05)	0.001	0.66 (0.26, 1.06)	0.001
African			0.63 (0.10, 1.16)	0.020	0.66 (0.11, 1.21)	0.019
Other			0.13 (−0.29, 0.54)	0.55	0.11 (−0.32, 0.54)	0.62
Monthly Family Income at 6y
More than €4,000			Reference	--	Reference	--
€2,000-€3,999			0.31 (0.09, 0.52)	0.005	0.32 (0.10, 0.54)	0.004
Less than €2,000			0.37 (0.05, 0.69)	0.023	0.41 (0.08, 0.73)	0.014
Maternal Characteristics
Age at Child’s Birth, Years			0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)	0.28	0.02 (−0.01, 0.04)	0.14
Overweight or Obese Pre-Pregnancy			0.57 (0.32, 0.83)	<0.001	0.56 (0.30, 0.82)	<0.001
Smoked During Pregnancy			0.39 (0.08, 0.70)	0.012	0.36 (0.04, 0.68)	0.027
Child Characteristics
Low Birthweight					0.77 (0.19, 1.34)	0.009
Preterm Birth					−0.26 (−0.79, 0.28)	0.35
Asthma					−0.37 (−0.85 0.12)	0.14

^aEffect estimates were calculated using linear regression and p-values were calculated using t-tests.

^bModel 1 Adjusted R² = 0.0040; Model 2 adjusted R² = 0.032; Model 3 adjusted R² = 0.038

^cChange in dysregulation was defined as the difference in the sum of six Z-scored cardiometabolic parameters measured at ages 6 years and 10 years.