a, D36E(avrRpt2) bacteria were infiltrated at OD600=0.004 and populations were determined 4 days post infiltration (dpi). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. (mean ± s.d.; n = 3 biologically independent samples). b, DEX-induced HR was accelerated by flg22 co-treatment in DEX::avrRpt2 plant. Pictures were taken ~6 h after infiltration of 200nM flg22, 500nM DEX or 200nM flg22+500nM DEX into leaves. c-h, ROS burst detected by luminol-HRP approach in Col-0/DEX::avrRpt2 (c-f) and bbc/DEX::avrRpt2 plants (g, h), with treatment of different elicitors (F+D, flg22+DEX; D, Dex). Total photon counts (d, f, h) are calculated from c, e and g, respectively. e, f, Leaf disks were first treated with flg22+ DEX for 35min, washed with sterilized water four times (red arrow), and then subject to mock (sterilized water), flg22, DEX or flg22+ DEX. Individual data points (n = numbers of leaf disks as biologically independent samples) are plotted with mean ± s.e.m. displayed in d, f, h. Data were analyzed by one-way (d, f) or two-way (h) ANOVA with Tukey’s test. RLUs, relative luminescence units. Box plots: centre line, median; box limits, lower and upper quartiles; whiskers, highest and lowest data points. Experiments in this figure were repeated at least three times with similar trends.