Table 2.
Identification of significant pre- and early-pregnancy factors for later gestational diabetes mellitus before and after adjusting for confounding factors.
| Characteristics | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (per + 3 kg/m2) | 1.28 | 1.26–1.29 | < 0.001 | 1.23 | 1.21–1.24 | < 0.001 | 1.22 | 1.21–1.24 | < 0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy intake of folic acid (yes vs. no) | 0.76 | 0.71–0.81 | < 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.69–0.79 | < 0.001 | 0.73 | 0.69–0.79 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (+ vs. −) | 1.48 | 1.19–1.85 | 0.001 | 1.28 | 1.00–1.58 | 0.046 | 1.26 | 0.99–1.57 | 0.062 |
| Hemopathy (+ vs. −) | 0.95 | 0.77–1.18 | 0.663 | 0.95 | 0.76–1.18 | 0.634 | 0.95 | 0.76–1.18 | 0.614 |
| Epilepsy (+ vs. −) | 0.81 | 0.47–1.39 | 0.445 | 0.85 | 0.49–1.46 | 0.551 | 0.86 | 0.5–1.48 | 0.577 |
| Hemoglobin (per + 40 g/L) | 1.02 | 0.98–1.06 | 0.372 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.06 | 0.474 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.06 | 0.467 |
| White cell count (per + 1 * 109) | 1.10 | 1.1–1.11 | < 0.001 | 1.11 | 1.1–1.11 | < 0.001 | 1.11 | 1.10–1.11 | < 0.001 |
| Platelet count (per + 50 * 109) | 1.06 | 1.05–1.07 | < 0.001 | 1.06 | 1.05–1.07 | < 0.001 | 1.06 | 1.05–1.07 | < 0.001 |
| Alanine transaminase (per + 20 U/L) | 1.06 | 1.04–1.08 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 1.03–1.06 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 1.03–1.06 | < 0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (per + 20 U/L) | 1.04 | 1.01–1.07 | 0.004 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.06 | 0.057 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.06 | 0.058 |
| Albumin (per + 5 g/L) | 0.85 | 0.84–0.86 | < 0.001 | 0.86 | 0.85–0.88 | < 0.001 | 0.86 | 0.85–0.87 | < 0.001 |
| Direct bilirubin (per + 5 μmol/L) | 0.93 | 0.93–0.95 | < 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.92–0.95 | < 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.92–0.95 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (per + 15 μmol/L) | 0.96 | 0.95–0.97 | < 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.94–0.96 | < 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.84–0.96 | < 0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (per + 10 mmol/L) | 1.02 | 0.94–1.10 | 0.708 | 1.03 | 0.95–1.12 | 0.456 | 1.02 | 0.94–1.11 | 0.560 |
OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, BMI body mass index. No confounders were adjusted in model 0; variables under adjustment in model 1 included age, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, education, and age at menarche; additional variables under adjustment in model 2 included maternal family histories of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and the presence of hemopathy, epilepsy, hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, and lung diseases on the basis of model 1.