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. 2021 Apr 1;11:7314. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86567-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Talar modes of variation 1–4 showing significant anatomical differences observed at ± 2 standard deviations (SD) from the mean shape (center; grey). Red arrows focus on the location and direction of change for key anatomical features (pointing at the bone indicates the decreased size of a feature, whereas an arrow pointing away from the bone indicates an increased size of a feature). Surface distances shown on ± 2 SD represent the distance away from the mean shape with a scale in millimeters (mm).