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. 2021 Apr 1;11:7326. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86578-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Life-history traits of wild type and DNMT3.1^−/− under starved condition (a) Body length measurements and fitted von Bertalanffy growth for 20 D. magna individuals of wild type and DNMT3.1^−/−. Red and black lines correspond to fitted curves for DNMT3.1^−/− and wild type, respectively, and boxplot of their body lengths from 3rd to 5th clutch stages. (b) Boxplot of the 20 D. magna’s clutch sizes cultured individually in starved condition. All boxplot whiskers extend to the highest and lowest values, and the boxes extended from quartile 1 to quartile 3, with the middle line showing the median. Asterisks denote significant differences by pairwise t-test; n.s., not significant; ***P < 0.001. (c) Bar graph of the cumulative offspring produced from the 20 individuals at 5th clutch. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean. Asterisks denote significant differences by unpaired t-test; ***P < 0.001.