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. 2021 Apr 1;11:7380. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86265-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Integration of genomic and classical epidemiology for outbreak investigation. The foundation of epidemiology is the accurate and timely reporting of cases which enable the calculation of the number. Genomic Identity (GENI) score is formulated from genomic data of pathogens to differentiate imported cases versus local transmission and measure time of cryptic spread. Together these two epidemic values deliver insight that can be directly used for making decision criteria for public health intervention.