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. 2021 Apr 1;12:2021. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21917-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The proportions of methylated CG and CH sites. Human and non-human primate neurons and oligodendrocytes are highly CG methylated. Human and non-human primate neurons show low levels of CH methylation and oligodendrocytes show even lower levels. CH methylation is highest in human neurons, followed by chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and mice. b Principal component analysis of methylated cytosines in two contexts (CG and CH). The top two principal components (PCs), PC1 and PC2, distinguish cell-type and species, respectively. c CG methylation levels in neurons (left columns for each species) and oligodendrocytes (right columns for each species). A greater number of DMRs are hypermethylated in neurons (red, in the left columns) compared to oligodendrocytes (right columns). d Approximately half (45.5%) of CG DMRs differentially methylated between NeuN+ and OLIG2+ cells are conserved in all three species, with 27% conserved between humans and chimpanzees, and 27.5% specific to the human. e The absolute methylation difference of NeuN+ and OLIG2+ cells is highest for DMRs conserved in all three species (39,202 and 17,284 DMRs hypermethylated in neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively) compared to those specific to humans (3103 and 5361 DMRs hypermethylated in neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively) or chimpanzees (4370 and 2989 DMRs hypermethylated in neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively). DNA methylation differences between NeuN+ and OLIG2+ cells calculated from genomic regions serving as statistical control (CTRL), with a matched number of CG and G + C nucleotide contents, are also displayed. Statistical significance was computed using two-sided Mann–Whitney U-test. Box represents a range from the first quartile to the third quartile. The line in the box indicates the median value. The minima and maxima are within 1.5 times the distance between the first and third quartiles from box. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Cell-type images were color modified from the original image, which was created by Akiyao and available at the Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en).