Table 3.

Direct effects of model predictors in the longitudinal model.

	Path coefficient	Standard errors	t	p	Statistical power
G1 reading → G3 reading	0.170	0.373	1.021	0.307	0.470
CM → G3 reading	0.017	0.066	0.149	0.882	0.066
SYN → G3 reading	0.660	0.076	4.074	0.000	1.000
CM → G1 reading	0.227	0.030	2.004	0.045	0.727
VOC → G1 reading	0.143	0.013	1.170	0.242	0.375
SYN → G1 reading	0.504	0.029	3.642	0.000	1.000
ORT → G1 reading	−0.004	0.029	−0.036	0.971	0.067
VOC → CM	0.358	0.040	3.507	0.000	0.936
SYN → CM	0.303	0.081	2.964	0.003	0.852
ORT → CM	−0.033	0.109	−0.308	0.758	0.063

G1 = Grade 1; G3 = Grade 3; CM = Comprehension monitoring; SYN = Syntactic knowledge; ORT = Orthographic knowledge.