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. 2021 Mar 19;15:637288. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.637288

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Copyright © 2021 Takeuchi, Nishikata, Nishimura, Nagao and Kawamura.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Radar charts of amino acid profiles of CD-fed, normal KD-fed, KD + CA-fed, KD + 2.5% AL-fed and KD + 3.3% AL-fed rats at 21 days after feeding. Results are shown for plasma (left) and hippocampus (right). The average levels of amino acids in each diet are compared with the levels in CD-fed and expressed in percentage when CD-fed rats (black) is 100%. #, removing outliers; Trp, tryptophan; His, histidine; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamic acid; Met, methionine; Asn, asparagine; Tyr, tyrosine; Arg, arginine; Cit, citrulline; Val, valine; Leu, leucine; BCAAs, branched-chain amino acids; Phe, phenylalanine; Thr, threonine; Lys, lysine; Ile, isoleucine; Ala, alanine; Orn, ornithine; Gly, glycine; Pro, proline; Ser, serine. (B) Summary of the average concentration of Leu in the hippocampus (pmol/mg). F(4, 18) = 1.614, P = 0.214; one-way ANOVA with post hoc test. (C) Summary of the average concentration of Ile in the hippocampus (pmol/mg). F(4, 18) = 2.456, P = 0.0829; one-way ANOVA with post hoc test. (D) Summary of the average concentration of Val in the hippocampus (pmol/mg). F(4, 18) = 7.494, P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA with post hoc test. (E) Summary of the average concentration of Thr in the hippocampus (pmol/mg). F(4, 18) = 66.991, P < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA with post hoc test. (F) Summary of the average concentration of Lys in the hippocampus (pmol/mg). F(4, 18) = 3.362, P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with post hoc test. CD, n = 4; normal KD, n = 4; KD + CA, n = 5; KD + 2.5% AL, n = 5; KD + 3.3% AL, n = 5; ^∗P < 0.05; ^∗∗P < 0.01.