Table 2.
Difference in day-of-admission weather variables in Dubai City between COVID-19 patients' clinical outcomes divided into those with risk factors to develop severe COVID-19 and those without (A: old age, B: DM, C: HTN, D: CVD, or E: chronic lung disease).
| Weather variable | No | Yes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild to moderate (Yes/No) | Severe (Yes/No) | Critical (Yes/No) |
ICU (Yes/No) |
Mild to moderate (Yes/No) | Severe (Yes/No) | Critical (Yes/No) |
ICU (Yes/No) |
|
| (A) Risk factors for severe illness (yes/no): Old age | ||||||||
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.017 | 0.002 | 0.041 | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.024 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.006 | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.046 | ns | ns | ns | |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily mean | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.003 | 0.009 | ns | ns |
| Precipitation total mm sfc daily summation | 0.012 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Cloud cover total % sfc daily mean | 0.001 | 0.017 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Sunshine duration min sfc daily summation | 0.007 | 0.025 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Direct shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.002 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Evapotranspiration mm sfc daily summation | 0.048 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily minimum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily maximum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily mean | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind direction dominant ° 10 m daily none | 0.002 | 0.012 | ns | ns | 0.003 | 0.043 | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.002 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.025 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.005 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.026 | 0.038 | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.041 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.017 | ns | ns | ns |
| (B) Risk factors for severe illness (yes/no): DM | ||||||||
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.024 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | ns | 0.000 | 0.008 | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | ns | 0.000 | 0.020 | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | ns | ns | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.012 | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.003 | ns | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | ns | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Precipitation total mm sfc daily summation | 0.021 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Cloud cover total % sfc daily mean | 0.015 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Sunshine duration min sfc daily summation | 0.048 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Direct shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.008 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Evapotranspiration mm sfc daily summation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily minimum | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.036 | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily maximum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily mean | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind direction dominant ° 10 m daily none | 0.000 | 0.007 | ns | 0.028 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | ns | 0.000 | 0.006 | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | ns | 0.000 | 0.015 | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.014 | 0.001 | ns | ns | |
| Temperature °C sfc daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.009 | ns | 0.000 | 0.013 | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.048 | 0.000 | 0.023 | ns | ns |
| (C) Risk factors for severe illness (yes/no): HTN | ||||||||
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.050 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.001 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | ns | ns | ns | ||
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.013 | ns | ns | ns |
| Precipitation total mm sfc daily summation | 0.012 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Cloud cover total % sfc daily mean | 0.007 | 0.036 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Sunshine duration min sfc daily summation | 0.028 | 0.043 | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.045 | ns |
| Shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Direct shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.002 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Evapotranspiration mm sfc daily summation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily minimum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily maximum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily mean | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind direction dominant ° 10 m daily none | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.000 | ns | 0.035 | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.002 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ns | 0.004 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ns | 0.001 | ns | 0.045 | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | ns | 0.022 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns |
| (D) Risk factors for severe illness (yes/no): CVD | ||||||||
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.036 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.024 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.008 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.020 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Precipitation total mm sfc daily summation | 0.015 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Cloud cover total % sfc daily mean | 0.001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Sunshine duration min sfc daily summation | 0.004 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.027 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Direct shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.009 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Evapotranspiration mm sfc daily summation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily minimum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily maximum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily mean | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind direction dominant ° 10 m daily none | 0.000 | 0.001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.049 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.040 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.023 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.022 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| (E) Risk factors for severe illness (yes/no): Chronic lung disease | ||||||||
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.021 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.027 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 2 m elevation corrected daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.014 | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.015 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Relative humidity % 2 m daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.036 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Precipitation total mm sfc daily summation | 0.012 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Cloud cover total % sfc daily mean | 0.001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Sunshine duration min sfc daily summation | 0.006 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.031 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Direct shortwave radiation W/m2 sfc daily summation | 0.000 | 0.006 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Evapotranspiration mm sfc daily summation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.038 | 0.038 |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily minimum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily maximum | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind speed km/h 10 m daily mean | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Wind direction dominant ° 10 m daily none | 0.000 | 0.001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.029 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.027 | 0.021 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C 1,000 mb daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.018 | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily minimum | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.030 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily maximum | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.049 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Temperature °C sfc daily mean | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.016 | ns | ns | ns |