Figure 1:

Schematic shows preparation procedures for the, A, training-validation and, B, testing datasets. Qualified profiles were selected based on four steps: First, profiles with no clinical reports were excluded. Next, postoperative scans were excluded. Then, profiles indicating diffuse pulmonary nodules were excluded. Finally, patients with other lung diseases, such as pneumonia and tuberculosis, were excluded. The testing dataset was further divided into different cohorts based on the factors to be investigated.