Markov model of the possible transitions and health states. The Australian population of working age was separated into those with and without kidney disease. People with kidney disease were further separated into those with stage 3 and 4–5 CKD and ESKD. Stage 3 CKD was defined as an eGFR of <60–30 ml/min. Stage 4–5 CKD was defined as an eGFR of <30 ml/min, but not undergoing RRT. ESKD was defined as those with an eGFR of <15 ml/min (stage 5 CKD) and undergoing RRT. With each annual cycle, those in the “alive without kidney disease” health state were at risk of developing CKD or dying, whereas those in the “alive with Stage 3 CKD” health state could remain alive, develop stage 4–5 CKD, or die. Those in the “alive with stage 4–5 CKD (but not ESKD)” health state could remain alive, develop ESKD, or die. Those in the “alive with ESKD” health state could remain alive or die.